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problem-solving.” (p.66) The counter measures where formed within the context of these frames. Additionally, the 9/11 attack was also in discordant with the “invincibility” notions American have of the country and this also affected the strategic plans for terrorism.
The frame of reference hypothesis is very true of the Nigerian situation. The country is a multiethnic and heterogeneous entity. It is made of people from diverse ethnic, cultural, linguistic and religious background (Alozieuwa, 2012). Furthermore, Alozieuwa opines that this diversity created groups that are distinctive and different from one another and also disinclined or opposed to one another. More so, the amalgamation of the different regions into one country in 1914 created a situation whereby the colonial masters introduced foreign rules with total disregard for “indigenous institutions.”(Aloziuwa, 2012, p. 1)
Guenther Roth (1968) cited by Alozieuwa (2012) asserts that the heterogeneity of the Nigerian system becomes a hindrance to the “realization of modern, rational-legal institutions” because groups do not fight for the common good of all but for the private interests of the elites that make up each group. To fight book haram, the history, the beliefs, perceptions, grievances and values of the various groups and ethnicities that make up the country should be examined. Alozieuwa (2012) came up with some theories for the Boko Haram insurgence and these theories reflect the Nigerian frame of reference with regards to Boko Haram. He asserts that for a long time, Nigerians believed that the Boko Haram onslaught was retaliation for the death of their leader and the hunt for them by the nation’s law enforcement. This aligns with the relational/ vengeance the...

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...aram. In some cases, the radical group’s firepower has exceeded that of the national army. The latest attacks in Mafa, a village in Borno state, saw soldiers flee as insurgents unleashed their orgy of violence on innocent citizens.(ISS, March 11, 2014)
By strengthening it anti- war legislation, the government declared war on Boko Haram which made a negotiated settlement difficult or impossible.
The Way Forward
According to the ISS report, Nigeria has seen the crisis as a domestic issue and has used domestic approaches (influenced by the frame of reference) to solve it. However, the failure of these approaches is obvious. The country is now open to international assistance because the issue is increasingly becoming an international problem. According to ISS, “The fight against Boko Haram has now developed to demand more than a localized response. The group has

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