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Asthma case study assessment
Pathophysiology of asthma by huether and mccance
Asthma case study pathophysiology
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Asthma According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (2014), one in eleven children and one in twelve adults has asthma. Consequently, nine people die every day from asthma (CDC, 2014). The financial burden was $56 billion each year (CDC, 2014). Children missed 10.5 million days of school (CDC, 2014). Adults missed 14.2 days of work (CDC, 2014). The impact this disease has on our community is colossal. As a result, it is critical to understand the pathophysiology of asthma in order advocate for successful control and prevention of progression. This paper will review the pathophysiological mechanisms of chronic asthma and acute asthma exacerbation. Chronic Asthma and Acute Asthma According to Heuther and McCance (2012), asthma is considered a “chronic inflammatory disorder of the bronchial mucosa that causes hyperresponsiveness and constriction of the airways” (p. 688). Kumar and Ghosh (2009) reviewed the literature related to asthma pathogenesis. Their findings suggested that asthma is “characterized by airway inflammation and remodeling that leads to reversible airway obstruction” (p.1). Individuals who have chronic asthma remain in a constant state of potential overreaction to an inhaled trigger. The disease can be controlled through lifestyle modifications and individualized treatment plans. Acute asthma exacerbation occurs when individuals are exposed to an environmental trigger. The disease of chronic asthma creates a medium for hyperresponsiveness. The bronchial environment comprises of inflammation and inflammatory mediators. Consequently, when exposed to an antigen, “increased cellular permeability, smooth muscle contraction, and increased mucus production” occur (Huether & McCance, 2012, p. 689). The ... ... middle of paper ... ... helpful. Goals of treatment include interventions to help maintain good lung function (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2014). Asthma is treated with long-term control and quick relief medications (U. S. Department of Health and human Services, 2014). The severity of symptoms will dictate a medical treatment plan. As advanced practice nurses, we need to help asthma patients identify their triggers. This aspect is individualized based on the recognition of symptoms that lead to exacerbations. A few of common triggers include smoke, weather, pollen, and food. Additionally, we need to provide them with education related to their disease process. Summary An understanding of the mechanisms that create a risk for asthma is critical. There is no cure for asthma. Goals of care include interventions to help patients maintain a normal healthy life.
Asthma is a common chronic disease worldwide and affects approximately 24 million persons in the United States (Morris, 2015). It is the most common chronic disease in childhood, affecting an estimated 7 million children. It is one of the most common reasons for visits in ambulatory settings and accounts for 16.5 million office visits each year (Buttaro, Trybulski, Bailey, & Sandberg-Cook, 2013, p. 408). Improperly managed and poor asthma control can lead to frequent emergency visits, hospital admissions, missed school days, absenteeism from work, and in worst cases, even death. The mortality rate for asthma remains high, approximately 9 deaths per day in 2007. Furthermore, the impact of asthma flare-ups affects health care costs,
Most of you may not think of asthma as a killer disease, yet more that 5,000 Americans die of asthma each year. According to the Mayo Clinic web page, asthma also accounts for more that 400,000 hospital discharges annually. As the number of people with asthma increases, the more likely you are to come in contact with a person who has the disease. As far as I can remember, I have had asthma my whole life. My mother and one of my sisters also have asthma, so I have a first hand experience with it. This morning, I will discuss some interesting facts about asthma, I will specifically focus on what it is, warning signs, symptoms, causes, and the treatments that are used.
The respiratory system works in a way that organs in the body are responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide. One major organ is the lungs; it carries out the exchange of gas as we breathe. During the process of breathing, the mechanism can be obstructed in different ways and that can result in inflammation of the lungs. Different diseases are being generated due to inflammation of the lungs but my case study is on Asthma. Based on the summary of Urata Yoshida, “Asthma is a disease that involves inflammation of the lungs which directly affects the airway and obstructs airflow in and out of the lungs”. (Respir Med. 2002). Majority of the time, asthma starts at a young age more like my case study about 17 years old girl called
From 2001 to 2010, asthma prevalence rose from 7.3% to 8.4%, reveling just a little over a 1% percent growth in nine years (Trends in Asthma Prevalence, Health Care Use, and Mortality in the United States, 2001-2010, 2012). This does not appear as an enormous increase until we look at that 1%, as the millions of people affected yearly. In 2009, there was a reported growth of 4.7 million new asthma diagnoses. In 2010 reports showed that there was 10.5 million physician office visits and 1.8 million emergency department visits, responsible for 439,000 hospitalizations and 3,630 deaths (Evidence Summary: Control Asthma,
Asthma is a long lasting lung illness that aggravates and tightens the airways. It might at times be called bronchial asthma or reactive airway disease. Some symptoms of asthma are excruciating episodes of wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing. Coughing can often occur at night and at times in the morning. But overall these symptoms are quite common in an asthma attack. Asthma is known to have no cure but can be controlled and improved over time. Asthma is identified by the inflammation of the bronchial tubes that causes an increased production of secretions inside the tubes. Symptoms are caused in people with asthma when the airways tighten, inflame, or contain mucous. Treatment for asthma can vary at times depending on the level of asthma; they can be given anti-inflammatory medicines, asthma inhalers, or a breathing machine. Respiratory tubes that are frequently inflamed may become sensitive to allergens or irritants. There is likely a portion of respiratory hyper reactivity in all individuals. However, asthmatics and allergic individuals have a greater degree of bronchial hyper reactivity than people with no asthma. People that are more prone, their bronchial tubes are more likely to inflame by allergens such as smoke or exercise. Each person is different therefore asthma affects people differently when exposed to their triggers.
In asthmatic disorder, there is a complex interaction among inflammatory cells, mediators and the cells and tissues in the airways that cause bronchospasm resulting from increased responsiveness of the smooth muscle in the bronchioles to external stimuli. This response,
Some triggers can be dust mites, pollen, tobacco smoke, pests, mold, pets, and air fresheners. About 10% adults with asthma have triggers when taking aspirin or another NSAID drug. A frequently asked two-part question; “Do you outgrow asthma or do you live with it?” which was answered in an article called Mothers of Asthmatics. “There are 24.6 million people diagnosed with asthma in the U.S. 7.1 million of these are children under the age of 18. Asthma can go into spontaneous periods of remission or may be so well controlled that symptoms are not experienced for long periods. However, once you have asthma, you always have asthma.” the article stated. Another question that was brought to our attention while doing the paper was, is asthma deadly? Many people believe asthma does not kill. However, nine people die of asthma every day. Most asthma deaths are preventable with proper diagnosis and treatment, however asthma death is rare. We interviewed a student at Alabama State University, Dominique Grant, who has asthma and who just currently went through a severe asthma attack. Dominique’s parents first noticed that she had asthma around the age of 10 years old when she bathed in pomegranate soap that made her lungs swell. During her attack, Dominique discovered she had level two asthma. We also surveyed ten students and the statement was, with proper care and medical treatment, most
Today, the world has approximately 334 million people living with asthma. . Currently, there is an increasing rate of asthma infections among the people living in the middle and low-income nations. In the United States, statistics published in 2012 indicated that approximately 19 million adults lived with asthma whereas 7 million children had the condition. In 2013, asthma accounted for approximately 3,630 deaths in the United States. Several factors increase the chance of developing Asthma (CDC, 2015). They include obesity, overweight, smoking and exposure , occupational triggers and having close relatives with asthma. Asthma is a respiratory condition that causes inflammation of the air passage and the lungs. The recurrent attacks cause wheezing and breathlessness whose frequency and severity vary depending with the individuals (Nanda, 2015).
Asthma is a disease that affects an individual’s respiratory system. According to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (2014), “it is a chronic lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways, causing reoccurring periods of wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing”. It can happen to anyone, but it mostly affects children starting from a very young age. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), as of 2009, one in twelve people are diagnosed with asthma in the United States, that is equivalent to about 25 million people. This number still continues to grow over the years. More than half of this number has had an asthma attack, although it has happened more to children than to adults.
Asthma is a condition whereby the sufferer has difficulty breathing due to widespread narrowing of the airways of the lungs. This narrowing can be caused by a local inflammation of the air-ways, muscle contraction or the production of excess mucus with in bronchi. (R.Roberts, 1996) Most common is bronchial asthma. Medical definitions of asthma suggest that environmental triggers can substantially contribute to the occurrence of an asthma attack. The review of asthma in Victoria (1988) by the Asthma Foundation of Victoria outlined infection, exercise, climatic conditions, exposure to airborne irritants and emotional upsets as the main trigger factors. However, doctors use a general classification to identify a patients pattern of asthma…classifying people who experience some symptoms of asthma on most days as having a chronic asthma condition. The classification system also extends to the categories of children, occupational asthma and asthma in later life. Usually regular medication is required to keep the lungs functioning as normally as possible. Some chronic asthmatics have severe symptoms over a long period of time and may require long term or indefinite medication to be able to lead a normal life. (Lane, 1996)
Research papers on Asthma reveal that it is a chronic lung condition with ongoing airway inflammation that results in recurring acute episodes of breathing problems such as:
Education is way to increase awareness of patient, family members, healthcare professional, and the public that asthma is a chronic condition; ensure patients and family members recognize the symptoms; ensure a partnership among patient and health care professional in order to have an effective control of asthma; educating family members and patient how to do home inspection, recognize asthma triggers and preventing asthma attack; Asthma is chronic and variable disease, there is a need for patient and family members to learn how to make a lifestyle change and follow drug therapy for a long period of time, even when the symptoms is not present. They need to be capable of making rapid decision about symptoms severity, self-medication and when to contact the health care team based on the severity of
Asthma is one of the major growing problem affecting all ages of the population worldwide. In fact, a chronic respiratory conditions which modify the respiratory function of the body. That is, asthma patients are usually leads to frequent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and cough, particularly at night or in the early morning (Diane.B & Helen.E& Lesley.S & Thomas.B.2014).
“What people need to know is that asthma isn’t a minor 'wheeze-disease.’ It kills over five thousand people in America every year, and I could’ve been one of them...” An eye-opening quote by olympic gold medalist, Jackie Joyner-Kersee. The good news is that today’s treatments can save most people successfully control asthma so that most people can participate fully in school, sports, and other physical activities. These treatments consist of nebulizers, inhalers, pills, and injections; nebulizers and inhalers being the most common. Although both nebulizers and inhalers are beneficial for quick relief asthma attacks, nebulizers are more useful because they are easier to use, do not alter the patient’s breathing, and can be used in more than
Severity of symptoms as well as airflow limitation will vary over time as well as in intensity. These variations are often caused by contact with triggering factors such as allergens, irritants, exercise, respiratory infection- particularly viral infection, weather changes etc. When an asthma attack is ongoing, the bronchial mucosa gets inflamed. Along with this inflammation, bronchial smooth muscle contraction will cause narrowing of the tracheobronchial lumen leading to reducing the flow of air into and out of