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Plato's division of labor
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The body is not a prison for the soul, but a factory. Souls were not placed in flesh as a type of sentence but as a vehicle to help complete work. Life is not a punishment; it is more like a job. According to Socrates' views as expressed in Plato's Phaedo, Socrates believed the body is a prison for the soul. He asserts that "she is fast bound in the body, and fastened to it; she is unable to contemplate what is, by herself, or except through the bars of her prison house, the body" (82 e). The people who spend their time "forming and molding their bodies" (82 d) are not to be followed and all should stay as far away as possible from those. The five senses that bodies include are filled with deception and falseness. Although I do agree with some aspects of his argument, I believe a factory is a better analogy for the body.
One does not stay at the factory for eternity. As questioned in Phaedo, "For if the soul exists in a previous state and if, when she comes into life and is born, she can only be born from death, and from a state of death, must she not exist after death too, since she has to be born again?" (77 d). In this instance, the factory is much like a prison; existence does not begin nor end at the factory just as it does not begin nor end at the prison. As people have lives outside of their work; the soul has existence outside of the body. I do not disagree with Socrates that the soul's visit in the body is merely that - a visit.
If the body is indeed a prison, then it seems men have nothing to do sit and bide their time until they are released from these walls. "I am afraid that other people do not realize that the one aim of those who practice philosophy in
the proper manner is to practice for dying and death" (64 a). It seems very shallow to spend one's life only practicing for the departure. If that is what the aim is supposed to be, why even have life? Life is not meaningless, everyone has a purpose. God created man, because He had a plan for us to accomplish.
Socrates first argument is on the Theory of Opposites in which he discusses the nature of opposite things and beings. Socrates makes his claim that everything that is, comes from its opposite being. “If something smaller comes to be it will come from something larger before, which became smaller” (71a). What he is trying to explain is that something that is considered to be “smaller” requires it to once have been “larger” previously, so its size decreased in time. Just as large and small, Socrates compares the matter of life and death as being opposites in which the soul is what moves on. The issue with this reasoning is that unlike moving from opposites such as small to large or large to small, where an object may increase or decrease, life to death is not a reversible process. Life can move to death but it cannot reverse and move from death to life. Life cannot come from death, and though life is contrary to death it is not the contradicting opposite, and it cannot be considered to follow the Theory of Opposites. It is practically impossible for something to be alive and dead at the same time, so the soul that transfers from life to death it must be able to exist within the body or out of it. Socrates believes that th...
Socrates defines justice in the individual as the three parts of the soul doing their job and only their job (433b). The parts of the soul are reason, appetite, and spirit (435c). Reason is the part that thinks and makes judgements. Appetite is the part that is impulsive and acts on bodily desires. Spirit is the part that is emotional, and acts on feelings, such as courage (...
“The Next World, I think, might be conceived as a kind of dream-world. When we are asleep, sensory stimuli are cut off, or, at any rate, are prevented from having their normal effects upon our brain centers. But we still manage to have experiences (Price, 501). In this statement by Price, he is describing how powerful our dreams have on our daily life. The dream world that he is proclaiming to be our afterlife does not follow the basic laws of physics, just like the ones we wake up to do not. In Price’s afterlife theory of where the soul goes once the physical body ends, there is no sense of the physical nature of the body. Yet with his theory, we would experience just the same as if it was still intact. That being said, he’s claiming that the soul goes to a parallel world to the experiences we have while we are dreaming. In addition to that, he claims that each person will experience a world of their own as we do already with our own unique dreams. Price claims that this afterlife isn’t a lonely one to the extent of our own physical dreams are today; no one is able to experience the same vivid experiences we have in our own real dreams, yet with Price’s
In conclusion, Plato and Aristotle present two different conceptions of the soul. By examination of their formulations, and the structure and genre they used, Aristotle's perception of the soul is more convincing. I am more convinced by facts than I am ideals. But his views should not be thrown away, for Aristotle's focus upon the organism as a whole as the proper object of study is a successful approach to the question of the nature of and relationship between mind, body, and soul.
The nature of mind and body has been debated constantly, but the answer has always been present in our own minds. In Charles Dickens’ A Tale of Two Cities, two extremely different characters, Sydney Carton and Charles Darnay, are presented, and much quarreling has arisen over their being representative of the clash of the mind and the body, and if so, which is which. Sydney Carton is symbolic of the mind and Charles Darnay of the body. The mind, Carton, and the body, Darnay, are one being who react to situations adversely; but where the body is physical, the mind is philosophical, and the mind gives life to the body.
Phaedo was set in a prison. While in prison, Socrates contemplated whether or not there is an afterlife and whether or not the soul can survive death. He explains that we discuss the soul because it applies to all humans; it’s more personal, closer to us than the nature of being. Socrates adds that he doesn’t fear death because it means fearing your soul. You shouldn’t fear the unknown, but embrace it. Furthermore, he comes to the conclusion that the soul is immortal based on the following 3 arguments.
Once the enslaved individuals reached North America rations were often time used as powerful form of regulation and control on many plantations. By controlling food slave-owners, often referred to as masters, could regularly establish their grounds of authority over the enslaved. When doing so, they often saw this as their attempt of being “generous” toward their slaves. Frequently a primary point of debate, rations and slaves were typically considered as a good deed from the master to his slaves and was seen as a good quality of life African-Americans had under slavery (Poe, 1999).
A doppelganger by definition is a double or counterpart of a person or an alter ego of a person (Dictionary.com). Everyone has a doppelganger that influences their lives every day in their decisions they make. Their doppelgangers are their suppressed selves and, if uncovered, will reveal to the world the kind of people they genuinely are. What one may show on the outside could be completely different from what they truly feel. One can really know a person only once he fully knows the person that he is on the inside. Mr. Hyde represents the inner evil of Dr. Jekyll in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde while the painting in The Picture of Dorian Gray resembles his own inner evil as well. In each of these novels, the suppressed sides of the characters are present and influence their every action thus slowly reveal the true identities of the men. The nature of man is composed of inner sinfulness that is masked by outer composure set by society, but once the suppressed half is exposed, only then will the public fully know a man.
Socrates was a philosopher who was true to his word and his death was ultimately felt by his closest friends and followers. In Phaedo, Socrates is met with his closest friends during his final hours as they await his death. At this point Socrates is prepared for death and seems to welcome it. Although death may seem like a scary inevitable fate that we all must face at one point; Socrates saw death as a privilege mainly because he believed that the soul was immortal. As a result, Socrates provides arguments as to why he believed the soul was immortal and even though all his arguments lacked unconvincing evidence, he does bring up good points. In this paper I will talk about Socrates’ most and least convincing arguments on immortality, and explain what Socrates’ problem was with Anaxagoras.
The relationship of the human soul and physical body is a topic that has mystified philosophers, scholars, scientists, and mankind as a whole for centuries. Human beings, who are always concerned about their place as individuals in this world, have attempted to determine the precise nature or state of the physical form. They are concerned for their well-being in this earthly environment, as well as their spiritual well-being; and most have been perturbed by the suggestion that they cannot escape the wrongs they have committed while in their physical bodies.
In BJ Millers TedTalk, “What Really Matters at the End of Life?” BJ Miller discusses on how we think on death and honor life. He speaks to the audience about how for the most people the scariest thing about death is not death itself, it is actually dying or suffering. The targeted audience is everyone in the world, because eventually everyone is going to die and everyone thinks about death. BJ 3 has big points in the article saying, Distinction between necessary and unnecessary suffering. Also by having a little ritual that helps with this shift in perspective. Another point is to lift and set our sights on well-being. We need to lift our sights, to set our sights on well-being, so that life and health and healthcare can become about making life more wonderful, rather than just less horrible.
The second argument that supports Socrates decision to stay in prison is that of the repercussions to the city of Athens. If Socrates escaped, the Athens city together with its fabric, laws, would be annihilated. By the extension, destruction of the Athens’ city equally destroyed the lives of people of Athens. Socrates argues that harming others is similar to harming ones soul because such an act constituted an unjust act. Therefore, it was a wiser decision to meet death rather than escape.
In a time where science and materialism reign, the topic of the soul is rarely mentioned, ostensibly left in the past with the philosophers of old. Nichols, however, candidly broaches this difficult topic and gives new life to the argument that humans do indeed have an immaterial, immortal soul. Nichols summarizes several popular arguments for the existence of the soul as he builds his own argument, which discusses a soul as limited in relation to its environment as well as a soul that is one with the mind and a controller of the body. He discusses both the strengths and challenges to his argument, offering rebuttals to the challenges. Because this soul is the organizing principle of the body it is involved in the Resurrection as well, bridging the gap between the material and spiritual worlds. However, I disagree with Nichols’ assessment, instead choosing the side of materialism where an immaterial soul does not exist.
Still other dualists hold not that intellect and body are unmistakable ontologically, but our mentalistic lexicon cannot be diminished to a physicalistic lexicon. In this sort of dualism, intellect and body are conceptually particular, in spite of the fact that the marvels alluded to by mentalistic and physicalistic wording are coextensive. The taking after areas to begin with talk about dualism as elucidated by two of its essential shields, Plato and Descartes. This is taken after by extra contentions for and against dualism, with extraordinary accentuation on substance dualism, the verifiably most imperative and powerful adaptation of dualism. The essential source for Plato's sees on the supernatural status of the soul is the Phaedo, set on the last day of Socrates' life some time recently his self-administered execution. Plato (through the mouth of Socrates, his sensational persona) compares the body to a jail in which the soul is kept. While detained, the intellect is compelled to examine the truth by implies of the body and is unable (or extremely prevented) of obtaining information of the most elevated, unceasing, constant, and non-perceptible objects of information, the Shapes. Shapes are universals and speak to the substances of sensible
about it. However, by detaching their souls from all bodily functions, philosophers may as well be in an