Yellow Fever is a viral infection that is caused from the bite of an infected female mosquito, they are mainly found in areas of Africa and South America. There are three main types of the Yellow Fever virus: Sylvatic yellow fever, Intermediate yellow fever, and Urban yellow fever. Sylvatic yellow fever also known as jungle yellow fever is started by mosquitoes breeding in tree holes in areas, such as banana plantations; monkeys become infected when they are bitten by an infected mosquito, it continues to spread as uninfected mosquitoes bite and infected monkeys; then the process comes to humans where they become exposed to the virus when they are bitten by and infected mosquitos. The intermediate cycle are only in Africa and is also called …show more content…
The last cycle is the urban cycle which is transmitted between human and mosquitoes, but mainly Aedes aegypti.
The virus cannot be transmitted directly from person to person, with that being said if a person does become infected there is no treatment for the virus. Now efforts to reduce pain and lower the fever are taken but the medications used for it have to be chosen carefully because some may increase a bleeding risk. Some of the symptoms of this virus are an abdomen and muscle pain; the whole body get the chills, fatigue, fever begins, or may have an loss of appetite; it’ll cause bleeding, delirium, headaches, nausea, vomiting, and the main reason it’s called ‘Yellow’ Fever because it may turn your skin or eyes yellow. The first outbreak of the yellow fever virus was in Yucatan
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There are several people that should not be routinely vaccinated: infants less than 9 months or less than 6 months during an outbreak, pregnant women, people with severe allergies to egg protein, and people with severe immunodeficiency. With that being said the WHO says that 50% of the people who do not get the treatment or vaccination for the disease will die from it. The CDC has identified roughly around 44 countries that have a high risk of yellow fever transmission, majority of them are in tropical climate areas. Vaccination is highly advised for people traveling through these countries, because the disease has no cure and can be very deadly.
In 2016 the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, which is part of the NIH, had begun a clinical trial of a vaccine designed to protect people against yellow fever viruses. The WHO has reported a total of 3,682 cases of yellow fever with a death toll of 361 as of July 21, 2016. It is said there have been more than 105 million people in Africa who have been vaccinated against the virus since 2006, despite the success of how many people who have been vaccinated there is also a shortage of vaccine supplies. Since then there has been no outbreaks of yellow fever in West Africa during
...Organization summed it up best by stating “yellow fever is still considered to be a public health emergency of international concern,” (Yellow Fever WHO).
The yellow-fever started in Memphis, Tennessee in a restaurant and soon spread fast across the state and neighboring states. “Yellow fever, which is carried by mosquitos, originally came from West Africa and was brought to the United States on slaves ships” (History, 2009). The impact of the yellow-fever blamed and hated African Americans for spreading it in America. Some politicians that wanted to abolish slavery took this event as something positive for the black. The antislavery followers viewed yellow-fever as the slave owners fault since it was their slave ships that brought the infected to US soil. In the end, this influence both has a good and bad affect for the African American
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a member of the family Togaviridae and genus Alphavirus that have been associated with large sporadic epidemics (Schwartz & Albert, 2010) (Suhrbier, Jaffar-Bandjee, & Gasque, 2012). CHIKV is transmitted to humans by infected mosquitos of the genus Aedes, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopticus (Torres, et al., 2015). This virus was first identified in 1952 in East Africa and later caused large outbreaks in tropical Asia and Africa (Sissoko, et al., 2009). Chikungunya fever is a re-emerging disease; appearing again in an outbreak in India, 2005, after being silent approximately 32 years (Mohan, Kiran, Manohar, & Kumar, 2010). International travels helps in the introduction of CHIK to different areas. In late 2013, the
Almost no one on Earth has any immunity at all to this virus, which makes ordinary vaccines useless against it. The sudden spread of the virus into Europe foreshadows an epidemic development that could be worldwide. Ultimately, there is no way to protect ourselves against epidemics. They will keep disappearing and coming back in new forms.
States. That same year a yellow fever epidemic killed 5,000 people in New Orleans. In
Every moment that time passes, a mosquito sucks fresh scarlet blood cells beyond the delicate, hydrated, smooth skin, creating an itchy, crimson, round-like bump that irritates whoever is bitten. There is a vast number of different mosquitoes with distinctive characteristics, and although they are seen as a common threat, some tend to have more extreme side effects than others. For example, the Culex Pipiens, also known as the Northern House Mosquito, is one of the causes of various diseases, such as Japanese encephalitis, meningitis, and urticaria, compared to the Mosquito hawks, also known as the “Daddy-Long-Legs,” that do not bother people nor eat other mosquitoes. Sadly, during the year of 2013, the virus made itself established, but it
Rift Valley Fever was first reported around 1910, but was not identified until a Kenyan sheep farm was investigated after an epidemic in 1931.1, 2, 3, 5 The common name of the virus was derived from the area which it was identified, the Rift Valley of Kenya.1 A majority of the reported outbreaks of Rift Valley Fever have been contained to Sub-Saharan and Northern Africa.1, 3, 4 The most notable animal outbreak of Rift Valley Fever occurred in Kenya from 1950 to 1951.3, 4 This outbreak resulted in the death of approximately 100,000 sheep.3, 4 An outbreak in Egypt resulted in approximately 600 human deaths and a significant number of animal deaths in 1977.3, 4 In September of 2000, the first cases of Rift Valley Fever outside of Africa were confirmed in Saudi Arabia and later in Yemen.1, 2, 3, 4 Since the confirmation of the disease outside of Africa, Rift Valley Fever has been identified as a priority disease that has the potential to emerge geographically.2
can be prevented by a vaccine. In 20 - 30% of the cases the infection spreads
The patient presented in the setting of a large epidemiologic study of yellow fever virus;
Despite such documented success we are still witnessing the deadly impact of vaccine preventable diseases. Millions of preventable cases of disease and death are still occurring in low and middle-income countries where disease burdens are often the highest. The time lag in the introduction of new vaccines between high-income and low-income countries has been a major issue. Some vaccines are introduced in high-income countries a full year before they are introduced to low-income countries where disease burdens are rapidly growing.
When a deadly disease come to mind, one may think of Ebola or MERS, but for centuries—before either of those diseases were born—Yellow Fever wreaked havoc as one of the most deadly and rapidly spreading diseases. Unlike many illnesses associated with age or weakness, Yellow Fever affects seemingly healthy people; mostly men who work outdoors especially in tropical environments (i.e. loggers, farmers, construction workers) (“Yellow Fever” Gale Encyclopedia). This is because yellow fever—a virus—is transmitted through the bite of a mosquito. Although it has been mostly eradicated from North America and Europe, millions of people are at risk to yellow fever every day, mostly in Sub-Saharan Equatorial Africa or South America (“Yellow Fever” World
The Ebola-Zaire branch was the first to be recognized and has the highest death rate of 89 percent. The Ebola-Sudan subtype has a death rate of 53 percent, and the Ebola Haemorrhagic Fever virus as a whole having a 68 percent death rate. Since the Ebola virus has not been recognized for a long time, it cannot be said for sure how it is transmitted though it is believed to be zoonotic, meaning that it is transmitted by animals and from contact with the virus, making it spread quickly through family and friends. It also transmits itself nosocomially, where it can transmit quickly through a health care environment, like a hospital. This is especially dangerous in places like Africa,...
Pandemics and epidemics are diseases that affect many people all over the world. They cause millions of deaths and leave many people sick. Most epidemics are contagious and spread very quickly. One kind of epidemic is the variola virus. Variola virus is most known by the name smallpox. it got it’s nickname from the small blisters that appear on the face and arms. Smallpox is believed to have originated in Egypt or Northeastern Africa about 10,000 years ago. It soon reached Asia during the middle ages and reached Europe in 700 A.D.In 18th Century Europe it killed about 400,000 people a year. In the 20th Century alone, it has killed about 300 million. This disease has also led to the downfall of the Aztec Empire and killed many royal figures from France, Russia and other countries.
In 1665, in the Kingdom of England, there was a great disease going through the kingdom that killed over 100,000 people, it was passed throughout the population by tiny bugs that were everywhere and were nearly impossible to avoid. This epidemic is known as the Great Plague of London, 1665 and it is the strand of the Bubonic Plague that tore through London, killing about 15% of London’s population which was around 100,000 people. This Plague was one of the worst diseases to tear through Europe in the 1300’s - the 1600’s. It hit England especially hard because they were on an island and had to where to go and couldn't avoid the spreading of the disease.
Yellow fever is a deadly disease caused by a viral infection that is transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito. Although it is found to be most common in males in their early 20's, yellow fever can affect any sex, race, or age. Since yellow fever is carried by mosquitoes, it is most often found in areas such as Central America, the northern half of South America, and Central Africa where mosquitoes are abundant. The reason why it is found so often in these regions is because they are very close to the equatorial line, and are there for hot, moist, tropical environs.