Pneumonia and Tuberculosis
Pneumonia and tuberculosis have been plaguing the citizens of the world
for centuries causing millions of deaths. This occurred until the creation and
use of antibiotics become more widely available. These two respiratory
infections have many differences, which include their etiology, incidence and
prevalence, and many similarities in their objective and subject indicators,
medical interventions, course, rehabilitation and effects.
To explore the relationship between pneumonia and tuberculosis we will
examine a case study. Joan is a 35 year old women who was feeling fine up till
a few weeks ago when she develop a sore throat. Since her sore throat she had
been experiencing chest pain, a loss of appetite, coughing and a low fever so
she went to visit her doctor. Her doctor admitted her to the hospital with
bacterial pneumonia and after three days of unsuccessful treatment it was
discovered that she actually had active tuberculosis. This misdiagnosis shows
the similarities between the two diseases and how easily they can be confused.
Pneumonia
Pneumonia is a serious infection or inflammation of the lungs with
exudation and consolidation. Pneumonia can be one of two types: lobar pneumonia
or bronchial pneumonia. Lobar pneumonia affects one lobe of a lung while
bronchial pneumonia affects the areas closest to the bronchi (O'Toole, 1992).
In the United States over three million people are infected with pneumonia each
year; five percent of which die.
Etiology
There are over 30 causes for pneumonia however there are 4 main causes
which are bacterial, viral, mycoplasma and fungal (American Lung Association,
1996). Bacterial pneumonia attacks everyone from young to old, however
"alcoholics, the debilitated, post-operative patients, people with respiratory
disease or viral infections and people who have weakened immune systems are at
greater risk" (American Lung Association, 1996). The Pneumococcusis bacteria,
which is classified as Streptococcus pneumoniae, causes bacterial pneumonia and
can be prevented by a vaccine. In 20 - 30% of the cases the infection spreads
to the blood stream (MedicineNet, 1997) which can lead to secondary infections.
Viral pneumonia accounts for half of all pneumonia cases (American Lung
Association, 1996) unfortunately there is no effective tre...
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...sis can be kept under
control with the use of antibiotics and the earlier that the infection is caught
the better chance of a prompt recovery.
References
American Lung Association. (1996). Pneumonia [Online]. Available URL:
http://www.lungusa.org/noframes/learn/lung/lunpneumonia.html
American Lung Association. (1996) Tuberculosis [Online]. Available URL:
http://www.lungusa.org/noframes/learn/lung/luntb.html
Cook, Allan R., & Dresser, Peter D. (Ed.). (1995). Respiratory diseases and
disorders sourcebook (6). Detroit: Omnigraphics Inc.
Galantino, Mary Lou., & Bishop, Kathy Lee. (1994, February). The new TB. PT
Magazine. P. 53-61
MedicineNet. (1997). Diseases & treatments: pneumonia [Online]. Available
URL: http://www.medicinenet.com/mainmenu/encyclop/ARTICLE/Art_P/pneumon.htm
National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine. (1989). Med
Facts Pneumonia [Online]. Available URL: http://www.hjc.org/MFhtml/PNE_MF.html
O'Toole, M. (Ed.). (1992). Miller-Keane encyclopedia and dictionary of
medicine, nursing, and allied health. Toronto: W.B. Saunders.
Schlossberg, David. (Ed.). (1994). Tuberculosis (3rd ed.). New York:
Springer - Verlag.
due to the loss of a large amount of blood after having had her throat
one would do anything to avoid this potentially deadly disease, but the most favorable option, a vaccine, is not available. This blemish to our society should be corrected as a precautionary measure, which would ultimately enhance life in the future.
Almost no one on Earth has any immunity at all to this virus, which makes ordinary vaccines useless against it. The sudden spread of the virus into Europe foreshadows an epidemic development that could be worldwide. Ultimately, there is no way to protect ourselves against epidemics. They will keep disappearing and coming back in new forms.
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Infectious Disease – The Never-ending Threat). It is acquired by inhalation and is spreadable. The City of Toronto in accordance with Toronto Public Health have in place different specialty teams in regards to Tuberculosis (TB) who work together to provide support for individuals with TB as well as their families and to help prevent the spread of TB in Toronto (City of Toronto). Specifically, Toronto Public Health has a designated homeless and corrections team who manage TB disease and infection within the homeless/under-housed and corrections populations. Within this program, they use many environmental guidelines to access and diminish in the
Tuberculosis or TB is an airborn infection caused by inhaled droplets that contain mycobacterium tuberculosis. When infected, the body will initiate a cell-mediated hypersensitivity response which leads to formation of lesion or cavity and positive reaction to tuberculin skin test (Kaufman, 2011). People who have been infected with mycobacteria will have a positive skin test, but only ones who have active TB will show signs and symtoms. Basic signs and symptoms include low grade fever, cough with hemoptysis, and tachypnea. They may also show pleuristic chest pain, dyspnea, progressive weight loss, fatigue and malaise (Porth, 2011).
Tuberculosis or TB, referred to by some as the White death due to the epidemic that arose in Europe that lasted two hundred years, is usually caused by in humans by a microorganism by substrains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It’s hard to determine the exact years in which TB first infected humans, but since the disease leaves traces on the bone in can be found in archeological record and it is believed to go all the way back to the B.C. era. Although it is hard to tell if the bone damage was truly from TB, there is research that shows that it has been around since the 17th and 18th centuries with a high number of incidences of TB, and in 1882 Dr. Robert Koch announced that his discovery of the causing factor of TB, which is Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A tuberculosis bacterium is spread through the air by an infected person speaking, coughing, or sneezing. Due to the fact the bacteria is protected by a waxy cell all, the body’s defense takes weeks to develop any kind of immunity and it allows the bacteria to exponentially multiply freely within the body. If TB it’s left untreated it will eat rapidly through many tissues, usually beginning with the lungs, lymph nodes, and kidneys. As the infection spreads to the lungs, it causes a cough and fluid between the chest wall and lungs, which leads to chest pains, severe shortness of breath, and potential heart failure. TB also infects bones and joints that can produce arthritis like pain and characteristic bone damage. Another possibility is that it may affect the fluid around the brain, causing meningitis, which can lead to fever, drowsiness, and eventually coma and death (Wingerson, 2009).
My hypothesis on Tuberculosis is that it is a very deadly disease that causes a persons lungs to fill with blood. This can harm the body by making the body suffocate itself when the lungs fill with blood.
It is evident that Lisa is subjected to medication and hospitalization for her treatment. However, this method of treatment was not effective for her, because despite her being hospitalized for the last eight years; she still does not take her medicine. Since for those eight years no significant changes have been made following her diagnosis, another mode of treatment would be advisable. I would recommend the self-help strategies. Although many healthcare providers overlook this treatment method, it seems to be very
Pneumonia Pneumonia is a serious infection or inflammation of your lungs. There are two main types Pneumonia one of these is bacterial pneumonia. This can attack anyone from infants to the very old. People who are alcoholics, debilitated, post-operative patients, people with respiratory diseases or viral infections and people who have weakened immune systems are at greater risk. Pneumonia bacteria are present in some healthy throats.
Tuberculosis is an air-borne disease, hence, it can be passed from an infected person to a healthy individual through coughing, sneezing and other salivary secretions. Tuberculosis is caused by the transfer of Mycobacteriun Tuberculosis (M. Tuberculosis) also known as Tubercle Bacillus, a small particle of 1-5 microns in diameter, due to the small size, when an infected person sneezes or coughs, about 3,000 particles are expelled. M. Tuberculosis responsible for tuberculosis is able to stay in the air for a long period of time (about 6hoursAnother way of acquiring Tuberculosis is by drinking unpasteurized milk, milk straight from cow, although this is not a common mode of transmission, it can be found in rural areas. Ingestion of contaminated cow milk transmits Mycobacterium Bovis, the animal form which is still potent enough to cause tuberculosis in humans. ). Tuberculosis transmission is affected by exposure, socioeconomic status of person, proximity, immune status of uninfected individual (%&&%&? CDC).
Tuberculosis is disease caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Usually bacteria attacks lungs but TB bacteria can attack any parts of the body such as brain, kidney, and spine. It can spread through the lymph node and blood stream to any organ. Usually it is seen in the lungs. If it is not treated accordingly, it can be deadly. One of the leading causes of death in the United States was tuberculosis. Everyone who infected with TB bacteria not get sick. There are two TB conditions stand. They are latent TB infection and TB disease. In latent TB infection, people do not get sick but TB bacteria can live in you. People with latent TB infection cannot spread the bacteria to others nor are they infectious. If the bacteria is active and multiply, the person has TB disease. If a person has TB disease, their immune system cannot stop the bacteria become active. People with TB disease get sick and they are able to spread the bacteria to others.
symptoms between the ages of 30 and 50, but has been known to show itself in
Vaccinations are not as dangerous as people make them seem, but not getting vaccinated is. Frances Childs states that “as the number of children who have not been immunized increases, so, too, does the likelihood of measles spreading”. Immunizations work by injecting a small amount of the virus into the patient (both children and adults). The patient’s immune system then builds up antibodies to fight against the virus, thus building immunity against the disease much more effectively. Vaccinations have a 90-100 percent chance of success.
for which no cure has yet been created. It is important to know however, that methods are currently available which can prevent the transfer of this virus, and even slow down its malicious effects. before they become fatal. It is equally important to know how to avoid getting the virus and also the symptoms in case you might run across them. They are all a lot.
Tuberculosis is an infection caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, an acid-fast Gram-positive bacillus, and “is characterized by progressive necrosis of the lung tissue” (Tamaro & Lewis, 2005). Tuberculosis is caused by many debilitating conditions like immunosuppression and chronic lung disease, among others. Nevertheless, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the virus that causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), remains the leading cause of tuberculosis worldwide. Tuberculosis can present in one of two types: active tuberculosis and latent tuberculosis. Prompt treatment prevents latent tuberculosis from evolving into active tuberculosis. (“Basic TB Facts,” 2012).