Before the first European settler arrived Australia, there are 250 indigenous languages were used by the Indigenous peoples (Hirsh, 2013). With subsequent of European settled in this land and the popularization of English, English became the first language of Australia. according to the research, there are more than 90 percentages of Indigenous people are using English in Queensland, but the English they are using is not the Standard Australian English, on the contrary, they are using Aboriginal English, a kind of English form that close to Standard Australian English, and it became their first language except their traditional language (Tripcony, 2000). In the school, English is essential for both Indigenous students and non-Indigenous students, …show more content…
It leads to a result that the dislocation between Indigenous peoples and their culture, land, and communities became widen, the spread of English from settler to Indigenous peoples became irresistible (Hirsh, 2013). According to theoretical model by Schneider (Clemens W, 2007), the Australian English can be divided into five stages, in the first stage, with the establishment and expansion of the colonies, people used different languages from their country, there is research proved that even with the spread of English in the early colony time, most of Indigenous people were still use their traditional language (Hirsh, 2013). The second stage came with the stable status of the colony, even colonists were still using strand English from America, British, but some of the lexical were borrowed from Indigenous language to express the local and cultural terms. The third stage can be recognized as the period that Australia slowly achieved the political independence, with more population was born in the colony, the unique account appeared and the lexical and grammar changed, it can be seen as the rudiment of Australian English. In the fourth stage, with using of English became widespread, more Australian publication appeared, in the early 1950s, Queensland University published various of Australian works and it supported the Australian national and language identity (Matto & Momma, 2008). In the 1966, with the first written standard by the Australian government, the use of English became standardized. Furthermore, more local lexical and grammar were written in the dictionaries, as a result, the language differences between region and culture slowly fused. In the fifth stage, the differentiation of
...ion in Australian schools: national plan for languages education in Australian schools 2005–2008. Retrieved 14, 2011, from http://www.curriculum.edu.au/verve/_resources/languageeducation_file.pdf
The importance of the acknowledgement between land, language and Aboriginal identity (NSW BOS 2003, p.6) can be seen through past historical events and present Government policies. Keeffe (1992) suggests belonging to the land and possessing cultural traits unifies the Aboriginal people on a whole, language being a major factor in maintaining their cultural identity. Keeffe (1992) found that Aboriginal language is treasured, due to the opinion it was stolen but in a variety of ways identified as being both examples of persistence and resistance, was reclaimed. Language is symbolic of the hardship and strength of the Aboriginal people and culture. The inclusion of AE, within the context of learning languages, improves mental functions due to the concentration on systems and patterns found in linguistics. Therefore AE, with justification on numerous accounts, has been included in government and education policies and programming such as the creation of the AETP (NSW DET 2008) and Working with Aboriginal communities’ consultation and protocol document (NSW BOS
All students begin school with different levels of literacy development; English-speaking natives have obtained oral language proficiency in English which helps t...
• the English language, as the national language, is an important unifying element of Australian society.”
Following the Age of Discovery in the 15th century, the race for colonization was one fought on a global scale. Many nations sought to expand into a maritime empire, one that covered all corners of the world and placed them on the top charts of global domination and power. The British were no exception to this; in fact, they were one of the leaders in colonization for many centuries, their exploits reaching from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean. Australia and North America were two of the targets of the British’s empire expansion; however, the reason, method, and impact of each differed from each other greatly.
180). Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students who do not speak Standard Australian English as their first language will not always use familiar language conventions as their peers, which can cause miscommunication issues with teachers (Rahman 2013, p.663). Students also face disadvantages in learning the language as there is no program for First Nations students that compares to other students who do not speak English as a first language (Buckskin 2015, p. 180). The Australian Curriculum does not aline with the second principle of the National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Education Strategy (2015), as students are not equitable. Stronger Smarter Institute Limited, 2014, High-Expectations Relationships: a foundation for quality learning environments in all Australian schools, Stronger Smarter Institute Limited Position Paper.
One of the most important barriers, with respect to education, to be thought about is Australian Languages, as “Language is a key marker of membership of an ethnic group.” Language allows communication of values and beliefs of a particular culture and allows participation in family and community life. Language is considered to be a greater barrier in achieving the literacy skills. For example, in Australia, there are approximately 250 Indigenous languages with 500
Over the past several decades, many linguistic experts and descendants of speakers have been putting in their hard efforts to revive the linguistic heritage of Indigenous Australian’s. Reviving languages in Aboriginal communities can also lower suicide rates and improve mental health. Research into the Indigenous people of Australia has showed links between loss of language with self-loathing and higher rates of
In line with the school body as a whole, the students in this class come from diverse backgrounds. Student H’s family is from the Philippines and is identified as ESL, however no adjustments to lesson planning were required as she speaks, reads and writes English well. Many of the students in this class come from low SES backgrounds. Students B, K, M and P identify as Aboriginal. The home life of many of these students often negatively impacts on their behaviour at school.
Fromkin, Victoria A.."An introduction to language" Victoria Fromkin, David Blair, Peter Collins. 4th ed. N.S.W. : Harcourt Australia, c1999
Communication between people depends significantly on the use of language as the core component. Language can be used orally, which requires us to understand the phonetics of speech. Oral language is fundamental to learning and is thought to be language’s first and primary form (Fellowes & Oakley, 2014). Language can also be seen and comprehended into meaning, such as the ability to read text, understand body language and to write words to convey the meaning of thoughts in one’s head. The diversity of the English language includes World Englishes, such as Australian and New Zealand English. Within Australia, the English language can be further diversified by multiple dialects such as Aboriginal English and the Standard Australian English (Caruso,
...ore so from conservative sections of the world studying in Australian universities find it hard if not impossible to adapt and continue with their studies. Some aspects like language have a significant impact on students’ performance. For basing on my personal experience, accent is a key issue haunting a considerable number of indigenous Australian tutors and professors such that unless a student is fully accustomed to the Australian language, it may not be possible for him or her to understand certain concepts. It thus remains a primary mandate bestowed upon various universities in Australia to institute policies so as to ensure students comfortably adjust to new cultures.
The end of the 19th century Australian population comprised mainly of settlers from the Britain; the mainstream of the population consequently had joint communal dialect, past, and backgrounds. This ‘Britishness’, Meaney implies, was a fable more suitable to Australia, where its customs were regimented, compared to Britain, where it subsisted as a knowledge of apprehensions. Shared self-identification as British molded Australian identity delivering a domestic legend of a nation established, conquered and governed by white dependents of Britain, a ‘White Australia’. National identity is absolute by 19th century meaning, connecting certain individuals; any other inhabits are omitted from that distinctiveness, and in turn the country. By identifying Australia as a land conquered simply by the British, settlers banned the existence of any other background. The presence of Indigenous Australians was thus a
Leith, D. and Seargeant, P. (2012), 'A Colonial Language' in Seargeant, P. and Swann, J. (ed.) History, Diversity, Change (U214, English in the World), Milton Keynes, The Open University, pp. 101-149.
Since the establishment of the British Empire, the spread of English language has been experienced in many parts of the globe. The success can be attributed significantly to the colonization activities that the empire had embarked on. They would train the indigenous community English language as they suppressed the local dialect. This massive spread is termed as lingual imperialism (Osterhammel 2005, pp. 14). The English language has become the first and second language of many nations across the world, and this makes it an international language. The native’s proportion to the non-native who speaks English cannot be compared with nations in the isle of Britain and far are speaking the language .considering that more than 70%