Communication between people depends significantly on the use of language as the core component. Language can be used orally, which requires us to understand the phonetics of speech. Oral language is fundamental to learning and is thought to be language’s first and primary form (Fellowes & Oakley, 2014). Language can also be seen and comprehended into meaning, such as the ability to read text, understand body language and to write words to convey the meaning of thoughts in one’s head. The diversity of the English language includes World Englishes, such as Australian and New Zealand English. Within Australia, the English language can be further diversified by multiple dialects such as Aboriginal English and the Standard Australian English (Caruso, …show more content…
This provides the infant with motivation to communicate from the moment they are born. As mentioned in Campbell, Slee and Spears (2012), by the time the infant is two months of age they will produce many different sounds in an attempt to engage in vocal play. This is a result of ‘Motherese’, which is the type of speech used by the infant’s mother to interact with their child (Campbell et al., 2012). It is therefore vitally important for the caregivers to create an environment rich in oral language interaction with the infant in the first two months of life. Once the infant has developed the ability to produce vocal sounds, they are then able to produce vocal and gestural symbols which serve Instrumental and Regulatory functions (Halliday & Webster, 2016). These functions allow the infant to fulfill internal needs such as wanting food or drink, and attempt to control the behavior of others (Halliday & Webster, 2016). Although the infant may not be talking proper language they have developed a protolanguage, which allows them to convey meaning to their caregivers and construct an understanding of their world (Halliday & Webster, 2016). Being able to use protolanguage is essential for an infant to progress to the next stage of early childhood language …show more content…
After developing oral and non-verbal language skills during infancy, children have established a foundation for later literacy and language skills (Dekhinet, Topping, & Zeedyk, 2013). However, the socioeconomic class of the caregivers is a factor that can influence the development of the child’s literacy and language skills in the years to come. It has been shown that mothers of a high socioeconomic status talk to their children more often and use an elaborated code. Whereas mothers from a lower socioeconomic class tend to talk to their children less often and use a restricted code (Dekhinet et al., 2013). The elaborated code features more complex grammar and longer sentences. This code of spoken language tends to be used in educational settings and therefore equips the advantaged child with the skills necessary to transition into primary school more easily (Emmitt et al., 2010). In contrast, the child living in a lower socioeconomic home environment will experience the use of shorter sentences and simple grammatical structure. This can lead to the child being disadvantaged when they start primary school because they are unfamiliar with the type of language used to think abstractly in the learning environment (Emmitt et al., 2010). In addition, language can be further diversified in the home environment through the use of different
The prehistoric times stand evidence to the power of language as a tool for communication and growth. Language has proven to be an effective medium and factor surrounding the evolution of man. Language has played a big role in the development of individuals and societies. What is spoken and/or written, help in the initiation of imagination, expression of feelings, and conveyance of thoughts and ideas.
Pungello, E.P., Iruka, I.U., Dotterer, A.M., Mills-Koonce, R., & Reznick, S. (2009). The effects of socioeconomic status, race, and parenting on language development in early childhood. Developmental Psychology, 45(2), 544-557.
From the moment an infant is born, it is bombarded with sounds that the brain attempts to categorize. Within the first year of life alone, infants already show preferences for phonologically legal structures in their native language when compared to illegal consonant structures (Friederici et al., 1993). While a personal lexicon is not developed until later in childhood, the early stages, primarily the recognition of word segmentation, begins within the first year of life. The topic of what the important factors are in babies perceiving speech and building a preference to their own language, however, is shrouded in mystery. For instance, Friedrici et al.’s study on phonotactic knowledge of word boundaries gave results that indicate the combination of simple context cues as well as the use of infant directed speech (IDS) allows babies to recognize phonotactically legal structures by nine months. However, McMurray et al.’s results directly contrast those findings by arguing that IDS simply causes a slower rate of speech but does not highlight contrasts between segmented sounds, nor does it enhance phonetic cues. Infant directed speech is a “speech register characterized by simpler sentences, a slower rate, and more variable prosody” (McMurray et al., 2012). While there is controversy regarding the beneficial factors of infant directed speech, most studies indicate that this register is extremely beneficial for infant speech perception in the first year of life.
On the nature side of the debate, every baby cried when they were trying to communicate to their caregiver. Crying is universal because it is the only way that babies can alert their caregiver that something is wrong. Furthermore, each baby cooed, babbled, and cried without prompting. Ponijao babbles when her mother pats her on the back because she likes the sound it makes. Bayar’s brother keeps putting a strip of fabric in his face, making him cry out of annoyance. Mari babbles and has a “conversation” with another baby on one of her visits to the park. Hattie also starts saying syllables on her own. However, nurture plays a huge role in language development as well. Each baby was read to, spoken to, sung to, or a mixture of the former. Without prompting from his mother, Bayar would not be able to copy the sounds that she makes to try to get him to speak. Hattie can say “no” and “uh oh”, which are English phrases. Her parents would have taught her how to say those words. In fact, her mother reads to her, and she imitates the sounds her mother makes while reading. This proves that without both heredity and environment, language would never develop in an infant. They need to have an inborn ability to quickly and easily learn vocabulary and grammar during the critical periods, but they also need to hear and interact with language in their
“Speak” by Laurie Halse Anderson presents Melinda’s (a teenage girl) life as she drifts through her adolescent years, where she struggles to overcome internal depression, as well as typical issues, involving her social life. Melinda’s life in an obscure world, where enigmatic challenges constantly clog her path towards a normal and healthy life, she feels lost and betrayed. Likewise, the boy that raped her attends the same school as her, causing her to have constant memories of the event. Thus, Melinda’s defective life compromising of rape, lack of communication, and depression mirrors the lives of many teens around the world. In addition, this book revolves around the dominant theme of adolescence, resulting to an effect of a realistic- fiction novel.
Language acquisition during early childhood could be determined by a biological explanation. This may show how the brain is wired so children can acquire language ev...
When most people think of the process of language development in “normal” children, the concepts that come to mind are of babies imitating, picking up sounds and words from the speakers around them. Trying to imagine that a child who cannot hear one single sound a person makes can learn to speak a language is absolutely fascinating. These children range from amazin...
The purpose of this assignment is to explain the impact of English language learners in the classroom. As a foreign student, English language learner in the United States faces multiple challenges for achieving academic success. To successfully complete a task, they need to master both English as a language and how it is used in core content classes especially when they are an adult. When trying to assist in instructing English language learners, they usually have many concepts and language abilities that they need to master, as do the teachers that are trying to teach them. With the incorporation of the concepts and approaches to identify and assess the issues and concerns that we have learned in our classroom instruction, such as lesson preparation,
Socioeconomic status (SES) is a major topic of interest within the study of language development in children. It has been indicated as one of the most widely studied constructs in the social sciences (Bradley & Corwyn, 2002). Even with the wide variety of studies involving SES, there has never been a complete consensus on what SES actually represents. Beyond the development of language, SES also affects the overall development of a child. These developmental differences then further lead to differences in language acquisition. When looking at SES, there are many factors to consider. The concept of capital seems to best embody the current meaning psychologists hold of SES, according to Bradley and Corwyn (2002). Capital is favored because of its inclusion of access to financial (material resources), human (nonmaterial resources such as education) and social capital (social connections). The current working definition of SES involves family income, education level, and occupations, which influence the theories and characteristics that children develop (Hill, 2006). The effects of socioeconomic status on children are shown through many factors that affect language development through the child’s overall growth, their cognitive development, as well as their stress management and the parenting styles that they are exposed to.
The study of the ways in which people affect, and are affected by others, is known as social psychology; a primary means by which people affect one another is through the medium of Communication (Kruglanski and Higgins, 2007). At the heart of communication is the idea of shared meanings between one, or more people, however, communication is not simply a case of exchanging words; through the process of communication we create meanings and an understanding of what words and behaviours represent or imply (Ramaraju, 2012). Language acquisition forms a critical basis for a child’s development, it is an essential tool for communicating, building relationships with others, and learning (Brock and Rankin, 2008). This assignment probes early language acquisition in infants and children; starting with typical child language
When communicating with the public, it is very important that the message is well thought out and that it speaks to a wide audience. Communicating with a vast audience can be challenging, because the message must speak to the audience. Some of the challenges communicating with a diverse audience are age, economic level, education and occupation, needs and concerns of the audience, culture, and rapport (Lehman, DuFrene, & Walker, 2016). In this particular situation, the district manager of a movie theatre must address the media about a recent bed bug problem at the theatre. The message needs to be clear and concise and be received appropriately by the audience. I will discuss the appropriate communication plans for addressing the media regarding
Consequently, usually around the sixth month, the infant begins to babble. A large variety of sounds are produced in this period, many of them do not considered occur in the language of the household. During this period, children are learning to distinguish between the sound that are part of their language, and the one which does not. In the stage of babbling, children are learnt to maintain the correct sounds and suppressed the one which are incorrect.
Child development language is a process by which children come to communicate and understand language during early childhood. This usually occurs from birth up to the age of five. The rate of development is usually fast during this period. However, the pace and age of language development vary greatly among children. Thus, the language development of a child is usually compared with norms rather than with other individual children. It is scientifically proven that development of girls language is usually at a faster rate than that of boys. (Berk, 2010) In other terms language development is also a crucial factor that reflects the growth and maturation of the brain. However, this development usually retards after the age of five making it very difficult for most children to continue learning language. There are two major types of language development in children. These include referential and expressive language development styles. In referential language development, children often first speak single words and then join the words together, first into –word sentences and then into th...
Before beginning the main discussion in this essay, the difference between language and communication must be outlined. The Penguin English Dictionary (2003) defines language as ‘the ability to make and use audible, articulate, and meaningful sound by the a...
In order to successfully deliver an oral presentation such as a speech, the speaker must follow certain procedures to ensure his message can be conveyed clearly. Vast amounts of research are essential in order to acquire the knowledge necessary to be able to speak about a topic comfortably and answer any questions the audience might have during the course of the presentation. After acquiring such knowledge about the topic of the presentation the speaker will feel more confident, confidence is key in delivering speeches and other oral presentations because it makes the speaker look more credible and trustworthy. Lastly, the speaker must be fluid and eloquent with his words, the speaker must be able to sound clear and crisp while delivering their