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Anatomy/physiology 2 quizlet cardiovascular system
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What is Primary Coronary Angioplasty?
Angioplasty, also called percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), is a procedure used to open blocked coronary arteries (caused by coronary artery disease). It restores blood flow to the heart muscle without open-heart surgery. Angioplasty can be done in an emergency setting such as an acute heart attack or in an elective setting when heart disease is strongly suspected from non-invasive testing.
For angioplasty, a special catheter (a long, thin, hollow tube) is inserted into a blood vessel and guided to the blocked coronary artery. The catheter has a tiny balloon at its tip. Once the catheter is in place, the balloon is inflated at the narrowed area of the coronary artery. This presses the plaque or blood
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement or TAVR is the latest technology used principally for the treatment of aortic stenosis, a condition in which one of the major valves of the heart, the aortic valve, becomes tight and stiff, usually as a result of aging (3). Since many patients who need aortic valve replacement for aortic stenosis are too sick to undergo major valve replacement surgery, they are unable to get the treatment they need. With the transcatheter aortic valve, this issue is bypassed because this valve can be implanted in the heart by accessing the patient’s heart through an artery in the groin. The valve can be inserted through a wire that can be pushed to the heart, and the old valve is simply pushed to the side when the new valve is implanted. This technology has been in use in the US with Edwards’ Sapiens valve since 2011 and has saved the lives of many patients with aortic stenosis (4).
3. Overriding Aorta – Due to the alignment of the ventricular septum, and the VSD formation, the aorta is placed “directly above the aorta. Both the right and the left ventricles have access to the aorta causing an increase in outflow of blood through the aorta. Due to the pulmonary stenosis in the pulmonary arteries, the blood flow to the lungs will be obstructed causing the blood to be shunted back to the right ventricle and into the aorta; mixing the oxygenated blood with the deoxygenated blood going to the body tissues.
In more severe cases, a surgical procedure known as endarterectomy is suggested. An edarterectomy is an operation used to widen the carotid artery. This is usually an option if it has been determined that the internal carotid artery is narrowed by more than 70% and if the person in question has been displaying stroke-like symptoms during the previous six to eight months. This surgery is usually used to prevent the future risk of a stroke. This procedure has been shown to prevent blockage of the internal carotid artery over time and usually involves removing fatty deposits and clots in this important artery.
The purpose for the stent was to hold the coronary artery open to allow the blood to flow more freely.
Revascularization strategies including coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) are recommended as treatments for coronary artery disease. [8-11] CABG generally cost more ...
An artery is an elastic blood vessel that transports blood away from the heart. There are two main types of arteries: pulmonary arteries and systemic arteries.
...Annuloplasty on Anterior Leaflet Three-Dimensional Geometry.” The Journal of Heart Valve Disease 17, 2007. 5 April 2011: 149-154.
Endovascular stent graft repair is designed to help reinforce a weakened aorta. Endovascular surgery is performed inside the aorta using thin, long tubes called catheters to place a stent surrounded with a fabric liner. Endovascular stent grafting uses an endovascular stent graft to reinforce the wall of the aorta and to help keep the damaged area from rupturing and developing into a potentially serious health problem that can be fatal and cause massive internal bleeding.
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common type of multifactorial chronic heart disease. It is a consequence of plaque buildup in coronary arteries. The arterial blood vessels, which begin out smooth and elastic become narrow and rigid, curtailing blood flow resulting in deprived of oxygen and nutrients to the heart [1].
Coronary heart disease is defined by the hardening of the epicardial coronary arteries. The buildup of plaque in the arteries slowly narrows the coronary artery lumen. In order to better understand the physiology of the disease, it is important to first know the basic anatomy of the human heart. The aorta, located in the superior region of the heart, branches off into two main coronary blood vessels, otherwise known as arteries. The arteries are located on the left and right side of the heart and span its surface. They subsequently branch off into smaller arteries which supply oxygen-rich blood to the entire heart (Texas Heart Institute, 2013). Therefore, the narrowing of these arteries due to plaque buildup significantly impairs blood flow throughout the heart.
Coronary artery bypass graft surgery is a procedure that can be life-saving for patients with heart disease, but it also carries risks after the procedure that can impact patient outcomes negatively. Because over 395,000 Americans have CABG surgery each year, and the risk-adjusted mortality rate for patients is 2%, according to Centers for Disease Control (CDC) statistics, health care professionals must find ways of reducing risks and complications to improve the outcomes for many patients (Ferguson, 2012). Heart disease is often comorbid with other conditions, like lung disease, peripheral arterial disease, hypertension, and diabetes, which can raise the risk of complications (Ferguson, 2012; Nejati-Namin, Ataie-Jafari, Amirkalali, Hosseini, Sheik Hathollahi, & Najafi, 2013). Complications that can arise following surgery include atrial fibrillation, prolonged inflammatory reactions, a build up of fluid near the heart, accelerated atherosclerosis, and nearby vein or artery blockage (Gokalp, Ilhan, Gurbuz, Cetin, Kocaman, Erdogan, & … Satiroglu, 2013; Ferguson, 2012; Scheiber-Camoretti, Mehrotra, Ling, Raman, Beshai, & Bowman, 2013; Sicaja, Starcevic, Sebetic, Raguz, & Vuksanovic, 2013). These complications can lead to increased lengths of stay, increased readmission rates, risk of further complications, failure of the bypass graft, cognitive dysfunction and memory loss, patient suffering, and even death (Ferguson, 2012; Gokalp et al., 2013; Sicaja et al., 2013). In turn, nurses, other care providers, and institutions may face negative consequences themselves, including a risk of lawsuits, increased employee workload, higher per-patient costs, reduced or withheld private insurance, Medicaid, and Medicare reimbursements, auditing...
The patient was taken to the operating room (OR) and was placed under general endotracheal anesthesia. After cannulating the left femoral artery, the valve was positioned and deployed using the TAVR deployment device. During deployment of the new aortic valve, the balloon used to expand the valve was noted to rupture on fluoroscopy and TEE. Diagnostics, performed by the anesthesiologist using TEE, demonstrated the proper placement of percutaneous valve resulting in correction of the aortic stenosis; the mean/peak gradients were reduced to 2mmHg/4mmHg and the AVA increased to 2.69 cm2. Upon attempting to remove the deployment device, cardiology team encountered significant resistance; fluoroscopy determined that the ruptured balloon had become trapped on something. They attempted to free the balloon from its entanglement using a snare, and also by
Ambulatory Microphlebectomy utilizes tiny cuts on the veins. The vein is then removed though the opening with surgical hooks.
An IV tube will be placed in one of your veins. You will be given a medicine to help you relax before the procedure (sedative). You will then be given a medicine to make you sleep during the procedure (general anesthetic).
I sat behind a large wall of glass, through which I studied the surgeons as they delicately inserted catheters into people’s wrists and examined X-rays. The nurses got so used to having me around that they didn’t mind taking a few moments out of their exhaustive schedules to show me how arteries work, the different types of blood clots, and ways for treating them. Mesmerized, I observed the surgeons cautiously pumped precisely measured fluid into the bodies of their patients, after which they inserted a small balloon at the site of clot blockage which helped compress and remove the built-up plaque. After the procedures ended, I couldn’t help barraging the surgeons with questions, and found their stories just as inspiring as their work. Not only did they give me great advice and hilarious anecdotes, but after listening to my own story and aspirations they each spurred me to pursue my dreams with greater