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How theories inform criminological research
Developmental criminalogy
Essay on theories of criminology
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Developmental theories are the different views that are used to describe why criminal activity starts and why it continues or stops. Life course theory views an individual from childhood to adulthood and how they are influenced by other individuals, life experiences and personal traits. When kids are in trouble throughout their childhood, things like a stable job and intact relationships can help them deter from crime. On the other hand, some children continue to hang with the wrong crowd and develop a criminal career. This is an original theory first discovered by Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck. The major strength of this theory is that it focuses on the history of a person as well as present day. A weakness of this theory is that it is hard to keep up with the changes in society and the changes that can affect an individual’s way of life. Interactional theory is viewed that individuals get involved with crime due to …show more content…
In this theory there are two different sources of coercion; interpersonal and impersonal. Interpersonal involves the bullying and attacking of an individual by his or her family, peers, or spouse. Impersonal involves indirect pressures such as losing a job or poverty. The pros of differential coercion theory are that it explains how coercion determines behavior. Control balance theory suggests that when there is an imbalance of the control one is subjected to from others and the control one has over others, deviant and criminal behavior can occur. Predation, defiance, and submission are three types of behaviors an individual turns to, to restore balance. The strength of the control balance theory is that it shows how the ability to control the things around them is important. Although trying to take control of other people is considered a deviant behavior, it cannot be suggested that all individuals who try to balance out the controls in their life will commit
They studied the criminals lives and show how the link as juveniles and the factors that led them to become a criminals. Statically showing, most people that become criminals fail high school. Showing if a person continues their education the likely hood of becoming a criminal become less and less. These individuals come from broken homes, little education, little money and lack of resources. Growing up in a broken home or family, the child begins to suffer because of either neglect or lack of supervision from a parent figure, either they are not home or work low wage jobs just to make it. Since there is a lack of family support, the child will look for support from another source. The supports they usually find are products of their environment, usually gangs or other bad influences. Even with places that helps less than fortune kids have a role model or after school activates, but most of the time, they do not seek these programs which could help the child on a better path, rather than a life of crime joining a gang or even just commit crime altogether. The main influences on our lives are our families and society that we grow up in, and has a great effect on the individual which can dictate what they do with their lives. When looking at the theory, the effects come from homelessness, abuse neglect, subcultures,
The study of Juvenile delinquency and the theories pertaining to it are vital for several reasons. In order to more effectively engage with youths and foster positive behavior and schemas, the individuals must first be understood. The study of theory provides a means of understanding adolescents and the factors that lead to or detract from delinquent behavior. In the case of juvenile delinquent, Jordan Brown, theory helps to provide insight into why an eleven-year-old boy murdered his stepmother.
The entire theory and sub theories focus on how the social conflict between the upper and lower class has given rise to crime. Meanwhile the Developmental theory is multidimensional since it has more layers and depth to it. The Developmental theory looks at the onset, the continuity, and the termination of a criminal career. The Developmental theory also resembles the game snakes and ladders in that both represent a life journey where the upward progression is complicated by ladders (virtues) and snakes (vices). All in all the morality of the game and that of the Developmental theory is that snakes and ladders rob a player of the chance to take their time and enjoy the game (journey). Another difference aside from the focus is the attitude that both theories undertake. With the Social Conflict theory you get a pessimistic and resign feeling, which makes things seem either black or white with nothing in-between. Individuals either belong to the wealthy or poor. And have to ultimately acknowledge that, “those who hold power will create laws that benefit themselves and keep rivals in check” (p.200). That is why Social Conflict theorist argue that “true crime” is the one done by those in power not by helpless whose crimes receive harsher sanctions. Meanwhile the Developmental theory gives an uncertain attitude in that the propensity for crimes remains fairly constant while the opportunity to commit crimes
The three forms of social learning theory are differential association theory, differential reinforcement theory, and neutralization theory. Differential association theory states that behavior of criminality is learned by association with criminal values, patterns, and attitudes. It does not explain how one individual can be exposed and learn these patterns, but does not get influenced by them. Differential reinforcement theory also explains that crime is learned, but combines the points of differential association theory and learning behavior psychologically. It combines theories included in trait theory, which deals with the psychological aspect, and reward and punishment, and the concepts of differential association theory. Neutralization theory is also a learning theory. Subterranean culture and the individuals that follow values within are not always consistent. The theory suggests that criminals slip in between criminality and regular society, and their actions can even lead to the defense of law-abiding
Psychological theories of criminal behavior emphasize criminal thinking patterns or personality defects. These theories emphasize individual differences in behavior and the approaches to thinking, feeling, and decision-making that make some people predisposed to committing criminal acts.
Schaefer also described social control as techniques that prevent deviance (Schaefer, 2013). With Schaefer’s defin...
Differential associations vary in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity. Referring to the contact an individual must have with proponents of criminal behavior; this principle suggests that there is a varying, but direct, relationship that affects how often, for what length of time, how important, and how intense deviant behavior
Developmental theories are broken up into two perspectives: Life-course, and Latent Trait. These perspectives may answer questions on why juveniles have grown to lead a destructive life-style and why others grow out of their delinquency. Latent trait explains some of the tendencies we may be born with and how important it is to be there for our children. Our parenting skills do have a profound effect on how our children may lack self control or have impulsive behavior. Life course perspective takes place as we grow and learn more in life.
... The second theory was a theory by Cloward and Ohlin which was called differential opportunity theory. Differential opportunity theory built off of Solomon Kobrin’s work of an integrated community. The third theory was a theory created by Walter Miller who came to different conclusion than the first two theories. Miller used an ethnography which was a technique based on the direct observation of a social group in their natural setting (Williams & McKay, 2014). The last major theory was a theory by Marvin Wolfgang and Franco Ferracuti that was created a decade after the delinquent subculture theory. Wolfgang and Ferracuti attempted to integrate a wide range of disciplinary approaches to understand delinquent behavior (Williams & McKay, 2014). The four theories within the Subculture Theory were all different in ways but were all related to each other in ways also.
People who deviate from social norm are motivated by anti-social people such as criminals and drug addicted. Control theory suggests the opposite hypothesis, in that people will naturally commit crime if situation allowed doing so (Bernard et al., 2010, p. 203). The control theories suggest that every society have a set of values, norms and behavior for their citizen. A person is considered as anti-social, if s/he breaks the norms set by the society. Albert J. Reiss’s article, in 1951 described about various aspects of control theory (Bernard et al., 2010, p. 203). The researchers showed that juvenile were more violent when they were identified of lacking self-controlling capacity (Bernard et al., 2010, p. 203). Young adults with less self controlling capacities were not able show good behavior and lead to delinquent behavior. It was found that when young-adults were frequently absent from the school and the school authorities believed them as having involved in anti-social activities (Bernard et al., 2010, p. 204). When social norms are weak on an individual, then that individual may get involve in the anti-social activities. Reiss’ suggested that juveniles’ delinquent behavior rate can be influenced by several other factors outside the perimeter of control theory, however, later he was inclined towards control theories (Bernard et al., 2010,
An integrated theory is a combination of 2 or 3 theories that offers many explanations on why crime is occurring, compared to a traditional criminal theory that just focus on one type of aspect (Lilly et al.2010). The purpose of integrated theories is to help explain many aspects into what causes criminal behavior and why one becomes delinquent. From this an argument arises can integrated theories be used to explain all criminal behavior. Integrated theories are successful in explaining certain aspects of crime on what causes one to become deviant; however one theory alone cannot explain why an individual engages in crime. This paper will examine three integrated theories and look in-depth how these theories can explain different aspects on why criminal behavior occurs and the weakness of each theory. The three integrated theories that will be discussed in this paper are Cloward and Ohlin Differential Opportunity theory, Robert Agnew General Strain theory, and lastly Travis Hirschi’s Social Bond theory.
Life course theory has five basic concepts they 're cohorts, transitions, trajectories, life events, and turning points. These concepts are used to analyze people 's social, structural and cultural standpoints. And with the knowledge of these five basic concepts they help me understand myself as a person who didn 't commit crime compare to my peers who I met and reconnect with who did. Sadly they end up being unhappy in their lives due to the crimes they committed and troubles they caused in their lifetime. Necessarily they weren 't bad people, but like the theory says crimes can be affect due to circumstances of within structural, social, and cultural standpoint during their lifetime, which may also be the cause of their choices. One example of this is if a person would to resort to stealing through life events such as a father who stole in front of them as a child, they will then learn that behavior. The life course perspective takes a look at things on more macro level perspective from social aspect such as family life at home, bad neighborhoods, and lack of income. What prevent me from committing any crimes is that I had a good family relationship with my parents and sibling, so in other words my lfie course perspective or cohort was rather healthy compare to my peers. Through these example the assumptions can be made that social
There are many types of development theories, Psychoanalytic theories, Cognitive theories, Behavioral and social cognitive theories, ethological theories and ecological theories. Development is how a person changes throughout their life, from the time they are conceived to the time they die. Everyone processes and interprets things and information differently. After researching these various developmental theories ecological theories best describe development. Urie Bronfenbrenner is the researcher that created the ecological theory. Psychoanalytic theories least describe development. Both Ecological and Psychoanalytic theories have certain aspects that I personally believe to make a valid point and certain aspects that do not make a valid point when it comes to development. Eclectic theoretical orientation takes pieces of each theory that makes the most sense when it comes to lifespan development and follows that system. Ecological theories are everyone and everything having an impact on a child’s development, even if those people and events have no direct contact with the child.
explained why people engaged in delinquent behavior. Through studying these theories, we are able to analyze and critique the way they viewed criminals and how we can shape our Criminal Justice Systems to become more affective in dealing with criminals and their behavior. Another important note that we all have to understand is that no one theory will be able to take complete control over one or more views, because of this theories should be integrated together to form new and larger approaches to the problem that is before us today.
Juvenile delinquency is a prevalent issue that society faces, regardless if the community is primitive or modern, rich or poor, and so on. Juveniles are juveniles under 18 years of age. Delinquent acts range from something as minor as being out past curfew to more serious acts like physical assaults. Strain Theory suggests juvenile delinquency is at its highest during ages 10-17, because of several factors: desire autonomy, financially dependency upon their guardians, and often experience a lack of social support from family and friends. In the past, there have been multiple theories that examined juvenile delinquency from a biological or social lens. For example, Lombroso’s biological theory claimed that kids resulted in committing acts for