In seismology, there are several types of waves studied, each of these waves have characteristics that define them. Seismic waves can be split into two categories, and they are body waves and surface waves. Body waves travel and move within the earths subsurface and inner layers. There are two types of body waves, P-Waves also known as compressional waves or primary waves, and S-Waves also called secondary or shear waves. The S-Waves have a vertical (Sv) and horizontal (Sh) component. “In an infinite homogenous isotropic medium, only P and S waves exist” (Telford et. al, 1990). On the other hand, as indicated by the name, surface waves travel and move along the surface of the earth. In general, surface waves have a lower frequency than body waves, therefore, they can easily be distinguished from body waves on a seismogram. There are two types of surface waves, Love waves and Rayleigh Waves. Love waves is the fastest surface wave, its movement mainly consists of a side to side completely horizontal motion. Rayleigh (1885) waves are surface waves that “roll” along the ground; they are a consequence of interfering P and Sv-Waves. Our project …show more content…
Stokoe II and Nazarian (1983) created method termed spectral analysis of surface waves (SASW) and its purpose is to scrutinize dispersion curves of ground roll to yield near surface S-wave velocity profiles. In the spectral analysis of surface wave technique, we use the spectral analysis of ground roll created by an impulsive source, such as a weight drop, and the resulting waves would be recorded on a pair of receivers, also called geophones on land surveys. The data will be examined in the frequency domain in order to create a dispersion curve by calculating the phase difference between each deployment of receiver pairs (Park et. al,
Earthquakes are a natural part of the Earth’s evolution. Scientific evidence leads many geologists to believe that all of the land on Earth was at one point in time connected. Because of plate tectonic movements or earthquakes, continental drift occurred separating the one massive piece of land in to the seven major continents today. Further evidence supports this theory, starting with the Mid-Atlantic ridge, a large mass of plate tectonics, which are increasing the size of the Atlantic Ocean while shrinking the Pacific. Some scientists believe that the major plate moveme...
could be used to explain and illustrate that previous theories were not entirely correct (Merali and Skinner, 2009, p.253). Through the analyzation of arrival times of these waves, Oldham had drawn an conclusion that p waves and s waves react differently in terms of being refracted, reflected or absorbed depending on the state of the material as shown in Figure 1.(Tarbuck, Lutgens, Tasa, 2013, p.143). Oldham had developed this theory of the Earth not being the same state due to these effects of seismic discontinuity which are shown in Figure 1., consisting of refraction, reflection and absorption. The changes that are displayed from this idea are; the speed of the waves due to a refraction occu...
I have read “Rogue Wave” by Theodore Taylor and I think that this suspenseful story would make a wicked action-movie. In this essay, I will be outlining how I would make the story into a movie. For the opening scene, I would show Sully being loan the boat by Beau Tucker. The screen would first show a distant view of the crystal blue waters of Pacific Ocean. The camera would slowly zoom in and around to show a small mountain covered in luscious vegetation near a coastline of cream-coloured sand bathed by gently splashing waves. It would slowly come to rest at a straw-coloured rectangular hut showing sight of several different-sized boats and yachts. The gap through a window would display many fishing rods, surfboards, flippers, diving suits and other sea-related equipment. On top of the window, chalk-written would be the words ‘Avalon Harbor’. A wooden sign flimsily inserted in the sand would say, “Welcome to Catalina Island, CA.” The camera would move to the door of the hut, and follow Scoot Atkins as she exists, wearing a purple shirt that has “I Love the Beach” on it,covered partially by a nylon jacket, black shorts, canvas boat shoes and carrying a aqua-marine backpack. She would walk towards a boat where a young man and an older one are conversing. The camera would give the audience a small glimpse at
From studying the science behind the San Francisco earthquake, scientists have made a number of important discoveries involving how earthquakes function. At 5:12 on a fateful April morning in 1906, the mammoth Pacific and North American plates sheared each other at an incredible twenty-one feet along the San Andreas fault, surpassing the annual average of two inches (“San Francisco Earthquake of 1906”) (“The Great 1906 Earthquake and Fires”). A few seconds later, the destructive earthquake occurred. The ground shifted at almost five feet per second, and the shaking could be felt all the way from southern Oregon to southern Los Angeles to central Nevada (“Quick”) (“The Great 1906 San Francisco Earthquake”). In fact, the earthquake could be registered in a seismograph on Capetown, South Africa, an astounding 10,236 miles away...
remains in highest regards among seismologists, engineers and geologists. It is said to be a
Over the course of Japanese history, arguably, no artist is more famous for their works than Katsushika Hokusai. During his 88 years of life, he produced over 30,000 pieces of artwork, and heavily influenced Western styles of art. His most famous piece was created around 1831, a Japanese styled piece titled, The Great Wave off Kanagawa. This piece has stood as a defining piece of artwork in the Japanese culture for over 180 years, analyzed by students and authors for the interpretations filling the paper. The relationship between Hokusai’s painting has directly affected the Western point of view of Japanese style. The English author, Herbert Read’s novel interprets the painting distinctly differently from a Japanese point, American poet,
Seismic vertical resolution relates how for apart two interface must be to distinguish separate reflections from them. It can also be defined to be how thick a bed must be to allow distinguishable reflection from the bed’s top and bottom, thus two vertically seismic features can be resolved separately (Paola et al, 2011). Based on the analysis of the amplitude tuning effect in a single bed reflection, Widess (1971) defines vertical resolution as one quarter of the seismic wavelength, where the bed thickness is less than one quarter of the seismic wavelength. Below tuning thickness (ʎ/4) individual beds will not be resolved. Vertical resolution can be enhanced by higher frequencies, high bandwidth and reduced wavelength (Sheriff, 1991). Vertical resolution decreases with depth because higher frequencies are attenuated with depth. The deconvolation operation improves vertical
A summary of the narrative “Lost in the Waves” is about a father who is maed Walt and his twelve year old autistic son named Christopher. Walt and his son, Christopher visited Ponce island in Florida. After they ate they went to the beach and then went into the waters of the atlantic ocean. When they got in the tide took them out about fifty feet in matter of seconds and they didn't think anything suspicious was going on. But, then all of sudden they were two hundred feet away from the shoreline. This is when Walt knew they were in trouble and twenty minutes later they were a mile out. As night falls, with no rescue crew coming, the dad comes to a devastating realization. That he will have to push Christopher off farther away from him. If they
Morton Rhue's novel 'The Wave' follows a circumstantial story of a history teacher named Ben Ross, and his year 10 students. They commence upon an ostensibly virtuous classroom experiment, which then throughout the book advances into a massive problem, somewhat to correlation of The Nazi Germany. The novel validates how relationships can easily be lost when ones individuality is obliterated. Throughout the wave, Morton Rhue states how the students become so moved and obsessed with the ongoing experimental movement, with them carrying out chants, salutes, orders, and they followed whatever was appropriate in the current situation. The students of Gordon High history class were studying WW2 and the holocaust.
Exploring Seismology The study of earthquakes and the structure of the earth, by both. naturally and artificially generated seismic waves. An earthquake is defined as the vibration of the Earth’s surface by sound or shock. waves usually generated by the energy released from rocks rupturing under stress or by friction between moving rock materials or mostly.
However, if we go slightly back in time, Trier had previously attained what could be termed his ‘greatest international success’ with his Golden Heart Trilogy, which comprised of Breaking the Waves, The Idiots and last but not least, Dancer in the Dark. The overriding theme of these three films was the persistence of their ‘golden hearts’ by heroines despite the tragedies that they had to bear. The heroine of each story are casted upon a context of the brutality of the world and society, and ultimately sacrifice herself for the greater good. As mentioned earlier, Bess in Breaking the Waves constantly suffers under patriarchal oppression in the film, from being condemned by her church elders for trying to marry out, to constantly relying on
Within Offshore Surveying, GNSS has always been prominent throughout the years. From its initial land based methods of using antenna to the ‘Free-to-Air’ systems used today. Throughout this essay the views in which will be assed are the historical and present day use of GNSS in Offshore Surveying; How GNSS provides the accuracy needed and the limitations it must overcome; What the possible alternatives there could be to GNSS and its advantages and disadvantages faced when using GNSS; The future for GNSS and its development and finally looking at practical real life case studies of GNSS and how it is effectively used within an offshore surveying company. The essay will look at these points individually and separate itself accordingly into five many sections reflecting the points rose previously to give an accurate account of the role GNSS has had, and will play, in Offshore Surveying.
In Physics, a wave is essentially defined as the motion or movement of a disturbance. Some waves, such as sound waves, require a medium through which the disturbance travels; for example, when a disturbance (essentially an applied force) is made in a lake, the water is the medium through which the disturbance travels. Thus, the water particles will be in motion when the disturbance is made. Other waves, such as radio waves, do not require a material medium, but rather, can travel through a vacuum. Thus, there are different types, or categories, of waves, such as transverse and longitudinal waves. Transverse and longitudinal waves can be compared and contrasted in regards to their wave parts as well as the different movements of particles and energy that occur with each type of wave.
Earthquakes belong to the class of most disastrous natural hazards. They result in unexpected and tremendous earth movements. These movements results from dissemination of an enormous amount of intense energy in form of seismic waves which are detected by use of seismograms. The impact of earthquakes leaves behind several landmarks including: destruction of property, extensive disruption of services like sewer and water lines, loss of life, and causes instability in both economic and social components of the affected nation (Webcache 2).