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Poverty in countries and developing countries
Poverty in countries and developing countries
An Essay on How to Eliminate Poverty
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The most widely used poverty measures of Foster-Greer- Thorbecke (FGT) do not show when poverty might be eliminated. But, in this section we will try to answer for the question how long are they going to stay in poverty? following Morduch, (1998) approach which is based on Watts poverty index and FGT class of poverty measures. Morduch shows that a simple linear transformation of the Watts index gives it cardinal properties that can be useful as well. To derive the average exit time measure of poverty, Morduch (1998) starts with an existing distributionally sensitive Watts measure. The original Watts measure is defined as ,where there are i individuals in the population indexed from 1 to N in ascending(positive) order of income (per capita monthly expenditure) and q is the number of people with expenditure y below the poverty line z, then the Watts poverty index, W, can be written as follows: …show more content…
Specifically, Morduch (1998) shows that simply dividing the Watts poverty measure by some hypothetical growth rate g, where g > 0, gives it an interesting cardinal interpretation. This transformed index reflects the average number of years that it would take the population to exit poverty if it were possible to ensure that all incomes grow at rate
Federman, M. et al. What Does it Mean to be Poor in America? 1996 (2009). Pp. 296-310
Although poverty has minimized, it is still significant poverty which is characterized by a numerous amount of things. There are two types of poverty case and insular. “Case poverty is the farm family with the junk-filled yard and the dirty children playing in the bare dirt” (Galbraith 236)Case poverty is not irretraceable and usually caused if someone in the household experiences “ mental deficiency, bad health, inability to adapt to the discipline of industrial life, uncontrollable procreation, alcohol, some educational handicap unrelated to community shortcomings” (Galbraith 236).Case poverty is often blamed on the people for their shortcomings but on some levels can be to pinpoint one person's shortcomings that caused this poverty. Most modern poverty is insular and is caused by things people in this community cannot control. “The most important characteristic of insular poverty is forces, common to all members of the community, that restrain or prevent participation in economic life and increase rates of return.
Poverty in the United States is one of many difficult problems handled today. In 2010, 15.1% of the American population was living below the poverty threshold. But, how did the government calculate the poverty rate? The United States government uses the Orshansky poverty thresholds, which uses family budgets to determine if the family is above or below the poverty threshold. The current United States poverty measure is an absolute, headcount measure using family income as its scale of resources. However, many would agree that the poverty measure is flawed and that the poverty measure overstates how many people are really in poverty. This is a problem because resources government programs uses to help the poor can unevenly distribute. Therefore, I would like to propose a different poverty measure. In this paper, I would like to argue for a poverty intensity measure that is relative, with earnings capacity as the scale of resources and counts the household as the unit of analysis. First, I will discuss more about the flawed U.S. poverty measure; second, I will explain the four components necessary for poverty measures; third, I will make my proposal against the current measure and conclude about the two poverty measures.
“Despite so many reforms, the idea of untouchability is still very much a part of Indian life." (doc A) There are hundreds of millions of people trapped under the poverty line in India, who can’t escape. They are kept in a cycle of poverty with no end. However, instead of getting the help that they need, they are being pushed further down into poverty, leading to generations of families trapped. The cycle of poverty in India is being pushed along by discrimination of the poor. The poor are discriminated against by being denied health care, pushed out of school, and targeted by officials, which leads to more poverty.
Stephenson, Stanley (1977). The Measure of Poverty: Relative Measure of Poverty. U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare. March.
In both “Poverty” by Scott Todd and “Inequality for All” by Robert Reich, the ambitions and goals that are depicted are similar. These similarities can be noticed through the concerns that Todd and Reich both express towards poverty and inequality. However, there are still contrasting ideas on how the author's views differentiate through personal feelings. Reich feels that the United States has the most unequal distribution of income, and its getting worse. On the other hand, Todd claims that the church can, and already is eradicating extreme poverty from the face of the Earth.
Sachs, J. D. (2010/2011). Can Extreme Poverty Be Eliminated? Annual Editions: Social Problems 10/11 , pp. 71-75.
"Progress On Poverty, But 1.2 Billion Still Live On The Extremes." America 209.12 (2013): 8. MAS Ultra - School Edition. Web. 13 Nov. 2013.
All over the world, disparities between the rich and poor, even in the wealthiest of nations is rising sharply. Fewer people are becoming increasingly “successful” and wealthy while a disproportionately larger population is also becoming even poorer. There are many issues involved when looking at poverty. It is not simply enough (or correct) to say that the poor are poor due to their own (or their government’s) bad governance and management. In fact, you could quite easily conclude that the poor are poor because the rich are rich and have the power to enforce trade agreements, which favor their interests more than the proper nations. This is a very serious problem in our society today. Poverty is everywhere and it needs to reduced so that our economy will be more stabilized and balanced that it has been. What does it mean to be poor? What does it mean to describe a nation as “developing”? A lack of material wealth does not define one as deprived. A strong economy in a developed nation does not mean much when a significant percentage or a majority of the population is struggling to survive. Development usually implies an improvement in living standards such that a person has enough food, water, and clothing, a stable social environment, freedom, and basic rights to have a fair chance for a decent life. Is this actually progress? On the other hand, are we fooled into believing that it is? The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services placed the poverty level for a family of four at $16,450 in 1998, and the poverty rate in 1996, according to the HHS, was 13.7 percent, or 36.5 million Americans. (Egendorf: 1999, 12). Is there really a way to measure poverty, and to decide exactly what poverty is? Hunger, income level, housing and the economy’s condition of the working poor are just a few example of what needs to be considered when measuring the poverty levels in our nation. Poverty expands and contracts and its definition changes in accordance with temporary exigencies, including the interests of those who propound the definitions do the counting, which means that there is no concrete definition of poverty, except for the numbers. (Valentine: 1968, 13). Poverty is not something that has just recently become an issue; it has been around for many years. The economy has been a major influence on the levels of poverty in our nation. In 1973, poverty increased ...
Other measures of poverty are the time taken to out it is measures the average would take for a poor person to get out of poverty, given an assumption about the economic growth rate; it may be obtained as the Watts Index divided by the growth rate of income (or expenditure) of the poor( All JH,2005)
People at risk of poverty or social exclusion- measure people those living in conditions severely constrained by a lack of resources or a person whose household income per consumption unit is less than 60 per cent of the median income is considered living at of poverty (Stat 2013). However, there are couple problems with this measure. First, these measures do not identify some groups, for instance, people living in institutions, homeless people or migrants. Second, it is difficult to compare between countries on the basis of deprivation indicators, for instance, having a warm coat can be necessary in one country there is cold but not necessary where is warm weather (Eapn). Data is for 2011.
Poverty, also known as the silent killer, exists in every corner of the world. In fact, almost half of the world’s population lives in poverty. According to the United States Census Bureau, there were 46.7 million people living in poverty the year of 2014 (1). Unfortunately, thousands of people die each year due to this world-wide problem. Some people view poverty as individuals or families not being able to afford an occupational meal or having to skip a meal to save money. However, this is not the true definition of poverty. According to the author of The Position of Poverty, John Kenneth Galbraith, “people are poverty-stricken when their income, even if adequate for survival, falls radically behind that of the community”, which means people
Poverty is generally defined as a state of deprivation in well-being. The conventional perspective connects well-being basically to control over commodities, so the poor are individuals who do not have sufficient income or consumption to place them above some adequate bare minimum threshold (Lyman et al, 2004). Poverty is also tied to a particular type of consumption, for instance people may be considered health poor, house poor or food poor. The poverty dimensions can often be determined directly. For instance it can be measured by assessing malnutrition or levels of literacy (Alla...
...egorized four types of households: always poor, never poor, ascending households, and descending households. First, the „always poor‟ or „chronic poor‟ group who remained poor through both periods constituted 31 per cent of the sampled households; second, the „never poor‟, who stayed out of poverty through both the periods, represented 25 per cent; third, the „ascending households‟ were the ones who escaped from poverty, and these represented 26 per cent of the households; and finally, the „descending households‟, who descended into poverty, represented 18 per cent of the sample. The difference of eight per cent between the share of the „ascending‟ and the „descending‟ households is the net change in poverty during this period. The study again confirms that mobility among the poor and vulnerable is far greater than the net aggregate poverty changes at national level.
Poverty is an issue dealt with throughout the world, but we are not all aware of its conditions. Poverty is a very serious problem around the world. Poverty is defined as the equality of poorness and impoverishment -- (the state of having little or no money and few or no material possessions). A question to ask ourselves is: “Should poverty be defined strictly in terms of monetary income, as opposed to some qualitative formula which takes into consideration styles of life as well as material possessions?” (Sheppard 13) Because there are so many different ways we can express the term poverty, maybe there should be a certain way we can determine poverty worldwide?