WILL PHUQ - 'KETAMINE-RELATED: THE ARYLCYCLOHEXYLAMINES'
Ketamine numbers many relatives in the arylcyclohexylamine class (of which it is itself a member), although not all are dissociative in effect, or indeed pharmacologically active. Arylcyclohexylamines are useful tools for chemists and pharmacologists, due to their application in research on NMDA receptors, dopamine reuptake inhibitors, and opioid receptors. Other (unrelated) chemical classes with dissociative effect include Adamantane/ memantine, L-Arg, APV, Opioids, peptides, and simple gases.
With the explosion in popularity of ketamine (and latterly it’s cousin methoxetamine) across the UK’s recreational drug scene over the last decade, it seems logical to at least briefly delve
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It is often used medically alongside eticyclidine, in combination with which it acts as a prodrug – metabolising into a more pharmacologically active substance.
Eticyclidine (PCE, CI-400)
PCE is a less common (though still controlled) dissociative, similar in effects to PCP, yet a little more potent. First developed in the 1970s by Parke-Davis, as an anesthetic (under the name ‘CI-400’), research was discontinued subsequent to the development of ketamine, due to its perceived attractiveness over that of PCE. Rarely encountered in the modern recreational drugs scene, although briefly abused throughout the 1970s and 1980s (when users reportedly soon learnt to loathe the drug’s smell, taste, and nausea-inducing properties).
Methoxetamine (MXE, MKET, Mexxy/Mexi, Minx, Jipper, 3-MeO-2-Oxo-PCE)
Allegedly first synthesized circa 2010, by an underground arylcyclohexylamine chemist looking for “… something fantastic … the perfect dissociative … a stress-free version of ketamine”. MXE did not undergo any legal medical trials before entering into the illegal market, and should not be confused with its cousin Methoxyketamine, or 2-MeO-2-deschloroketamine. Until an April 2012 Temporary Class Drug Order (TCDO) by the government, no license was required in the UK to buy, sell or otherwise utilise MXE; however, in November 2012 it was classified as a Class B
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In 1965, human use was discontinued due to PCP’s strongly dissociative effects, resulting in an increase in clandestine laboratories producing the drug. Often demonised as basically turning users into unstoppable and violent psychotics, today PCP is rarely used as a veterinary medicine, yet is an infrequent but definite presence on the fringes of the black markets. It is active via most traditional routes of ingestion, with a tendency toward more euphoric/ less anesthetic effects when insufflated.
Rolicyclidine (PCPy)
Rolicyclidine is similar in effect to PCP, but with a lesser tendency towards stimulation, instead producing a sedative effect reportedly “somewhat similar to a barbiturate, but with additional PCP-like dissociative, anesthetic and hallucinogenic effects”. PCPy has never been widely available to the drug-using public, and as of the time of writing is seldom seen on the black market.
Tenocyclidine (TCP,
PCP or Phencyclidine is a very deadly drug in today’s society. PCP was developed in the 1950’s as an anesthetic. Use of PCP in humans was discontinued in 1965, because it was found that patients often became agitated, delusional, and irrational while recovering from its effects. PCP is illegally manufactured in laboratories and is sold on the street by such names as “diabolic” “wet” and “digital”. The variety of street names for PCP reflects its bizarre and irrational effects on those who use it. (Andersen)
SUMMARIZE: The article focuses on studies related to anesthesia which were conducted on dogs by researchers. Topics discussed include Arthur Guedel anesthetizing a dog using tracheal tube and cocaine crystals numbing cornea. It also goes on to talk about the numbing of Nazi dogs by Jews using cocaine. Also the use of curare by a surgeon named Mario Jascalevich which resulted in a neuronal cell death. Numerous stories on chemicals tested on animals, preferably dogs and facts were presented. (78
At the beginning of the article a brief history of ketamine is given, describing its use as a anaesthetic during the Vietnam war in the 1960s, its use in veterinary medicine as a horse tranquiliser and its revolution as a drug of abuse in the dance scene in the 1990s. The article also mentions the side effects heavy users have experienced from using ketamine, mainly increased bladder and kidney damage. Furthermore, after a review by the Government’s Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs, concerns have increased about this side effect, as patients have become very unwell needing a total bladder removal. Laurance mentions Robert Dunman, who describes ketamine as the “biggest breakthrough in depression research”. Professor Duman studied the effects of ketamine, which are meant to be triggering the release of glutamate, increasing and restoring the function of neuron synapses, which are reduced in patients with chronic depression. The article states that ketamine has shown to be able to increase mood levels with a single dose and effects lasting up to 10 days. Due to this Laurance sanctions ketamine’s potential use as a treatment for depression, mentioning that a third of patients with depression are not improving from current treatments available for depressio...
The phenomenon of Methamphetamine use and distribution is rising in our country. With this growing problem, the state of Kentucky is right at the top of the list. Manufacturing alone has more than tripled over the past four years, in the state of Kentucky. Given the rural areas and large vacant buildings, Kentucky has quickly become a breeding ground for Methamphetamine. A necessary additive for production anhydrous ammonia is available at many farm stores in the state. This phenomenon is largely costing the tax payers, as well as, putting our future generation in jeopardy. Given statistical data on the increased use and manufacturing, a definite problem is noted.
this drug as a "schedule I" drug that means that it has high potential for abuse.
useful in the relief of mild to moderate pain. It is also used as a cough remedy
Brecher, Edward M. (1972) Licit and Illicit Drugs; The Consumers Union Report on narcotics, stimulants, depressants, inhalants, Hallucinogens, and marijuana- including caffeine, nicotine, and alcohol. New York, 291-390
Drug use and abuse is as old as mankind itself. Human beings have always had a desire to eat or drink substances that make them feel relaxed, stimulated, or euphoric. Wine was used at least from the time of the early Egyptians; narcotics from 4000 B.C.; and medicinal use of marijuana has been dated to 2737 B.C. in China. But it was not until the nineteenth century that the active substances in drugs were extracted. There was a time in history when some of these newly discovered substances, such as morphine, laudanum, cocaine, were completely unregulated and prescribed freely by physicians for a wide variety of ailments.
Methamphetamine created in 1919 in Japan. It went into wide use for both sides during World War II and it was especially used by Japanese pilots before their flights. Once the war was over, leftover storage of Methamphetamine went public resulting in extremely high amounts of abuse with this drug. During the 1950’s this drug was used as a diet aid and was also used in the thought that it helped to fight depression. It was also over used by college students, truck drivers, and athletes because of its easy availability. This pattern increased remarkably in the 1960’s when this drug became more available in an injectable form. The United States Government in the 1970’s made Meth, for most uses, illegal which then resulted in Mexican drug trafficking organizations to set up large labs in California. Today most of this drug that is available comes from Thailand, Myanmar, and China. (History of Methamphetam...
Almost overnight one such venerable substance (or class of substances) has been catapulted into the national spotlight: prescription painkillers, namely those derived from the opium poppy. This class of analgesic encompasses everything from the codeine in prescription cough syrup to the morphine used in the management of sever pain. These compounds are commonly referred to as opiates and are produced naturally by the poppy. The sub-class of this type that has gotten all of the attention recently is the opioids, which are semi-synthetic compounds derived from the opiates (Wade 846). Opioids were developed for a variety of reasons, such as reducing the cost of production (morphine is expensive to synthesize) and attempting to reduce the addictiveness of the drugs.
World Drug Report, 2010, published by the United Nations Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention, New York, 2010, p. 2.
Watanabe-Galloway, S., Ryan, S., M.D., Hansen, K., M.P.H., Wullsiek B., B.A., Muli, V., M.P.A., & Malone, A.C. (2009). Effect of Methamphetamine abuse beyond individual users Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 4131, 241-8.Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/207970885?accountid=41057
It is prescribed after many types of injury, illness, or disease, including amputations, arthritis, cancer, cardiac disease, neurological problems, orthopedic injuries, spinal cord injuries, stroke, and traumatic brain injuries. The Institute of Medicine has estimated that as many as 14% of all Americans may be disabled at any given time. (n.d.)
The altered states of consciousness produced by drugs presents an all-to-common phenomenon in today’s society. Whether the desired sensation comes in the form of energy, a means of relaxation, or pain reduction, many people go to great lengths and present their bodies to threatening conditions in order to achieve this euphoric “high.” Unfortunately, the use of these drugs very often comes with dangerous side effects that users must learn to manage with for the rest of their life. According to neuroscientists, our entire conscious existence bases itself off of the lighting-fast reactions occurring in our nervous system (Nichols, 2012). Therefore, changing these neurological reactions can permanently effect our conscious being (Blatter, 2012). The physical and neurological effects from the use and abuse of stimulants, sedatives, hallucinogens, organic solvents, and athletic performance enhancing drugs will be discussed in order to better comprehend why certain individuals expose themselves to such dangerous materials with seemingly no regard to the permanent consequences associated with such actions.