What is the effect on volume when water and isopropyl alcohol are mixed together?
Project Design Plan
When two substances are added together, their mass is Conserved. This is according to the Law of Conservation of Mass. Does the same apply to volume? Mark W. Meszaros, PhD claims that when isopropyl alcohol and water are mixed, the mass of the two is added, yet the volume decreases (Meszaros, M W., PhD, n.d.).
Problem Statement: When adding two substances together, one would hypothesize the addition of the volume of the two substances to equal one plus the other exactly. This is true with the mass of two substances. For example, when one adds a gram of water to another gram of water you would get a total of 2 grams. The same applies for
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Distilled water was used to obtain water from the purest source. As well, the highest available concentration of isopropyl alcohol was purchased to get the most accurate results. Pure vegetable oil was used. All topped by completing the trial twice, this assures the results are confirmed and are highly accurate.
Hypothesis
The hypothesis of this experiment: The volume of two substances, whether it be water & water, isopropyl alcohol & water, or vegetable oil & water; they will always be additive when mixed together and measured. The density will remain equal. This ruling is based on a contradiction with the statement made by Mark W. Meszaros, PhD, stating that they will be subtractive.
Process of Data Collection
Contrary to the prediction, the volume of the main mixture in question, isopropyl alcohol & water was subtractive when mixed together. While the volumes of the two control groups were added to one another, the focus group lessened. This was measured with the 500mL measuring cup by using observational techniques to record the findings. Alas, the combination of water and isopropyl alcohol was confirmed
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The graphs above clearly indicate an almost flawlessly equal density throughout the mixture of water & water, plus water & alcohol. This shows that when those mixtures are created the volume is additive. Therefore, the ratio of density will be equal or nearly equal to the original substances. In addition, it shows that the density of the water & isopropyl alcohol increases, meaning that the volume is subtractive.
Conclusion
Disproof of Hypothesis
Previously, the prediction was that the volume would be additive of all 3 of the mixtures. This theory has been disproven by the multiple tests done in this experiment. When adding together the substances of water & isopropyl alcohol, the results bore a denser mixture than either of the two alone. This result points to a conclusion that the properties of volume for this mixture are subtractive by an average of a nearly 4% reduction, while the other two remain additive.
Experimental Design as a Key
Furthermore, two kinetic runs were setup; the first kinetic run had a solvent of 50% ethanol- 50% water, and the second run had a solvent of 40% ethanol- 60% ethanol. This caused the second solution to be more polar. A buret was filled with NaOH, and the initial volume
mass of Cu x _1 mole Cu_ x 1 mole compound x gram molar mass of compound = mass
In my experiment, I will use an overall volume of 50 cm³ of 2moles of
The molar volume of the H2 in our experiment is very close to the theoretical molar volume, but I think that the deviation lies in the temperature of the H2O: in the first trial it is too high and in the second one too low.
So the experiment will be based upon the movement of water. The first potato chip will be placed in a zero percent solution. I believe that this will increase the mass. I believe this because the zero percent solution has a lower concentration than the cell sap inside the potato. The potato takes on the water through osmosis and the cell pushes out from inside the cell making it swell and become more rigid.
Regarding the densities of Coke and Diet Coke, I believed that the density of coke would be greater than the density of Diet Coke. Because the content of Coke contains more sugar than Diet Coke, it would contain more mass and since density is mass dependent, Coke would be denser than Diet Coke. From the results of the experiment, there was a slight difference between the densities of Coke and Diet Coke. The measurements obtained from the pipette and the graduated cylinder demonstrated that Coke is denser than Diet Coke while Diet Coke was shown to be denser than Coke using the burette. With the pipette, the average density of Coke is 1.02 and the average density of Diet Coke is 0.99. With the graduated cylinder, the average density is 0.976968 and the average density of Diet Coke is 0.95. With the burette, the average density of Coke is 0.99 and the average density of Diet Coke is 1.0. Among the three instruments, the most precise was the graduated cylinder and the most accurate was the volumetric pipette. Since density is defined as mass/volume, changing the volume of Coke or Diet Coke would have changed.
The objective of this experiment will be to combine various substances, liquids and metals, and to observe their behavior when they are combined. The types of reactions observed shall determine the nature of these reactions: physical or chemical.
This would give us an extra measure of accuracy each time. Another way to improve the experiment and to produce consistent readings was to used distilled water. This is because the distilled water contains no impurities and therefore no hardness in water.
The Gravimetric Stoichiometry lab was a two-week lab in which we tested one of the fundamental laws of chemistry: the Law of Conservation of Mass. The law states that in chemical reactions, when you start with a set amount of reactant, the product should theoretically have the same mass. This can be hard sometimes because in certain reactions, gases are released and it’s hard to measure the mass of a gas. Some common gases released in chemical reactions include hydrogen, carbon dioxide, oxygen and water vapor. One of the best methods for determining mass in chemistry is gravimetric analysis (Lab Handout).
Data Table 3 indicates the observations from these tests. Though a control test for each test wasn’t prepared, due to the starting reagents being unattainable, the results clearly show that the product is unsaturated. An unsaturated compound means that there is/are bonds in its structure. The product was also analyzed by infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography. The spectrums obtained allowed one to determine the composition of 1-methylcyclohexene; any impurities and excess products were observed as well. From the infrared spectrum, there is a little peak around 3300-3500 cm-1; this indicated a very little presence of alcohol in the product and thus, most of the alcohol has been successfully removed. If one compared the IR spectrum of the product to the starting material, 2-methylcyclohexanol, one could clearly see the change in peak size of the O-H stretch. The infrared spectrum of 1-methylcyclohexene also depicted a C-H stretch and an alkene functional group at 500-1500 cm-1 and 2932.54cm-1, respectively. From the gas chromatography spectrum (Data Table 4), the area percentages show that there were three products - peaks 22 through 24 - that were formed from the dehydration experiment. Nevertheless, there are two predominant products, as shown from their high percentages, 3-methylcyclohexene (~24%) and 1-methylcyclohexene
An error that occurred in the experiment was during the ceric nitrate test because solution 4 should have produced a color change. During a base hydrolysis of aspartame, aspartic acid, phenylalanine and methanol are produced, therefore the ceric nitrate test should have been a positive for alcohol. A reason that this could have shown a negative result is because methanol is a volatile substance and it could have evaporated out, which would have caused a negative ceric nitrate test
The second part of measuring for volume, we measured the density of Isopropyl alcohol the same way we did for the water. We measured the mass of the empty graduated cylinder which was 46.35 grams and then added 25.0 milliliters of Isopropyl alcohol to it which made the mass 66.95 grams, causing the difference to be 20.6 grams of the Isopropyl. This was 4.4 grams less than what it should have measured out to be.
Ultrasonic is the universally accepted technique to study the physico-chemical properties of the liquids, liquid mixtures, electrolytic solutions and polymeric solutions. Liquids, liquid-mixtures and solutions find wide applications in medical, pharmaceutical, chemical, lather, textile, nuclear and solvent, solution related industries. The study and understanding of the thermodynamic properties of liquid mixtures and solutions are more essential for their applications in these industries. The measurements of ultrasonic velocity in the combination of density and viscosity have been used to study the molecular interactions in liquid mixtures and solutions.
Then the ethanol will be divided. In the second experiment we are going to distillate ethanol solution, which involve measuring both the volume and the mass of the ethanol solution, we can work out the density from the volume and mass. We will then compare the density of the solution with that of pure water and pure ethanol; it is possible to calculate the percentage concentration of the solution. The third practical will be oxidising ethanol to ethanoic acid, in this experiment we will start with 96% ethanol.