Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common and frequent bacterial infections globally. It is a pathogenic invasion of the urothelium, resulting in inflammation, encompassing infections of the urethra, bladder, ureters and kidney (Dielubhanza & Schaeffer, 2011). UTI development depends on anatomical factors, the integrity of host defence mechanisms, and the virulence of the infecting organisms. Such infections affect all ages and both sexes but occur more often in women than men (Al-Badr & Al-Shaikh, 2013). Several risk factors predisposed to acquiring UTI, which includes multiple sexual intercourse partners (Lentz, 2009) and postmenopausal (Raz, 2001). According to Foster, Sr. (2008), there is approximately 60% of women experience …show more content…
Cranberry juice has traditionally been used to minimise occurrence of recurrent urinary tract infections (Howell, et al., 2010). There are several strong confirmations that cranberry can be an alternative approach to reducing UTI compare to pharmacological intervention (Santillo & Lowe, 2008). In a recent observational study (Burleigh, et al, 2013) involving 20 females with history of recurrent UTIs were enrolled in the trial and consumed sweetened, dried cranberries for 14 days. The result of the study reveals beneficial outcome from consuming cranberries, resulting in decrease number of UTIs in susceptible women (over one-half). Another study that supports cranberry consumption against UTI was conducted by Bailey, et al. (2007). The study investigated the ability of a concentrated cranberry preparation to minimise UTI occurrence. The result reveals that during the study none of the women experience UTI and no adverse effects were noted. Furthermore, Wang et al. (2013) conducted a systematic review with meta-analysis and found clinical benefits in the prevention of UTI. It also found that cranberries are relatively more effective in women with recurrent UTIs. It is apparent that evidence indicates potential beneficial effect of consuming cranberries in reducing the number of recurrent UTIs in predisposed women. However, the outcome is still uncertain due limited number of participants …show more content…
Probiotic as treatment for UTI is supported by a study conducted by Falagas, et al. (2006). The trials involving females with UTI have been conducted to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of probiotics against uropathogens. The result indicated that Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and L is the most effective probiotic for preventing UTI. It is also argued that there is association between loss of normal urogenital microflora and risk of UTI (Amdekar, Singh & Singh, 2011). Studies showed that intake of lactobacilli can modify the microflora (Reid, 2001). Lactobacilli prevent the adherence of uropathogens to the urinary tract. The argument is supported by a research study by Kontiokari, et al (2003). The study indicated that consumption of products with probiotic bacteria was associated with reduction of UTI. According to Stapleton, et al. (2011), UTI is associated with decreased of Lactobacilli and increased colonisation of uropathogens, such as E. coli. Thus, it is claimed that supplementing the vaginal flora with probiotic may prevent UTI (Stapleton, et al., 2011). However, there are some arguments arising against probiotics. McFarland (2009) includes poor quality control for some products and uncommon adverse effects of probiotics. It is supported by a systematic review (Boyle, et al. 2008), including 12 RCT with 781 participants. The
According to the article The mechanism and efficacy of probiotics in the prevention of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea there is a great concern about increasing incidence of C. difficile infection due to use of broad spectrum antibiotics. Clindamycin, third generation of cephalosporins and flouroquinolones are considered high risk antibiotics. It is believed that normal gastrointestinal flora has potential effect in inhibition C.difficile growth and toxin A,B release which offen associated with sever diarrhea resulting in patient’s mortality and other comorbidities. After first episode, there is a high chance for relapses due to reduction serum IgG antibodies to toxin A and colonic IgA secretion cells.
The most common infection involving Proteus mirabilis occurs when the bacteria moves to the urethra and urinary bladder. Although Proteus mirabilis mostly known to cause urinary tract infections, the majority of urinary tract infections are due to E. coli. One-hundred thousand cfus per milliliter in the urine are usually indicative of a urinary tract infection. Urinary tract infections caused by P. mirabilis occur usually in patients under long-term catherization. The bacteria have been found to move and create encrustations on the urinary catheters. The encrustations cause the catheter to block.
The topic that I chose is interventions used to reduce catheter associated urinary tract infections(CAUTI). This type of infection is acquired from the use of urinary catheter while in the hospital. According to the Institute for Healthcare Improvement, urinary tract infections are responsible for 40 percent of all hospital-acquired infections annually, with 80% of these hospital acquired infection caused by use of indwelling urinary catheters. When any type of tubes or catheters are introduced in the body it serves as a medium for infection. Urinary catheters are used during surgery to prevent injury to the bladder. It is also used for urinary retention or bladder obstruction. The implementation of evidenced based practice when providing care
The scientific name of a kidney infection is known as pyelonephritis. There are two types of pyelonephritis infections, acute and chronic. Acute pyelonephritis is sudden and limited and can be cured/treated using antibiotics. However, if it is a chronic infection, it is long-lasting and occurs due to birth defects; it can lead to scarring in the kidneys, as well. Kidney infections can occur in both men and women. Although, according to Chih-Yen’s study of chronic infection, “Females (36.1%, 60/166) were more prone to have upper UTIs than males (11.8%, 13/110)” (Chih-Yeh, 2014; Chih-Yeh et al., 2014). In addition, age is not an important number due to the presence of Escherichia coli present in everyone’s body. It is dependent on time and health of an individual for the infection to present itself. Moreover, a study on children and adolescent transplantation concluded that, “UTI was uncommon in children after the first month of transplantation. Two significant risk factors for UTI were female gender and neurogenic bladder in this transplant population” (Fallahzadeh, 2011; Fallahzadeh et al., 2011). From the peer-reviewed papers, it is clear that females are more prone to UTI infection, overall, than
As such techniques were not used in this study, I defined a recurrent urinary tract infection as the presence of 2 10,000 col/ml of a single bacteria and one or more urinary symptoms occurring at least two weeks after the initial infection. This may lead to some misclassification of outcome; however, as long as the classification is not associated with the exposure(s) of interest the resulting measures of association should be biased toward the null hypothesis of no difference. The associations between hypothesized risk factors and repeat UTI were studied using multilevel contingency tables, with both stratification and multivariate techniques to control for confounding.3 I calculated six-month cumulative incidences of UTI, risk ratios (RR), and Mantel-Haenszel summary RRs. Exact 95 percent confidence intervals (CI) were calculated around each RR using the method of Gart.4 A three-level symptoms scale, (0 = no hematuria or urgency, 1 = urgency alone, 2 = hematuria and urgency) was developed and used both as a dependent and
Is fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) effective treatment for patients with Ulcerative Colitis (UC). UC is a chronic inflammation of the large intestine. FMT is used to describe the delivery of a healthy donors stool into a patient via enema, colonoscope, or nasogastric tube. In the past several years FMT has been used for an alternative treatment with patients diagnosed with Clostridium difficile (CD). The purpose of this paper is to discuss if FMT is just as effective in treating UC over just medication. The articles below will give insight if this theory is true or not.
Another research development was actually being able to test people to see if they have an STI. STI’s can be tested for in a couple of ways; physical exam and blood sample. With a physical exam, a health care provider may look at one’s genitals and/or one’s anus for any signs of an infection, such as a rash, discharge, sores, or warts. For a blood sample test a doctor may take a blood sample. Another test can be conducted by taking a urine sample. The patient may be asked to urinate into a cup and have that tested. Discharge, tissue, cell, or saliva samples can also test for STI’s. A health care provider will use a swab to collect samples that will be looked at under a microscope.
Meanwhile, there is wonder about who can be a carrier of NGU. In case you did not know, men and women both can be infected by the Nongonococcal Urethritis Disease. Found in studies, mostly in men due to their sexual infections. Men between the ages of 15 and 30 tend to have more than a few sex partners, which gives the meaning for a high risk for this abnormality. Some men have both Gonococcal and Non-Gonococcal Urethritis. Slightly in women from the urethra which is not common during a time period of sexual intercourse.
The urinary system has many different organs in order for it to work as a whole. Each organ does different functions. The urinary system consists of the two kidneys, the two ureters, the bladder, the two sphincter muscles, the nerves in the bladder, and the urethra. After your body takes what it needs from the food you eat waste products are then left behind in the blood. The urinary system works with the lungs, skin, and intestines to keep the chemicals and water in your body balanced. The urinary system removes urea from your body. Urea is made when the foods you eat that are high in protein are broken down in the body. Urea is then carried into the bloodstream to the kidneys by the renal arteries.
Bacterial vaginosis is identified with patient with high incidence of endometritis and pelvic inflammatory disease status post abortion and/or gynecological procedures (Hainer & Gibson, 2011). This vaginal infection, bacterial vaginosis, has been associated with status post and postpartum endometritis, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), and during pregnancy, late fetal loss and spontaneous preterm birth (Verstraelen, Verhelst, Vaneechoutte, & Temmerman, 2010).
In the human body, there are a number of systems that have their own importance and provide different functions to help keep us alive. One of these systems is the urinary system, also known as the renal system. As blood courses through the body, waste products are transferred into the bloodstream that needs to be extracted. The urinary system is designed to help the body remain free of excess water and waste that we no longer need. This particular system is made up of two kidneys, two ureters, a urinary bladder and a urethra that produces, stores, and then excretes urine out of the body. When it comes to the urinary system,
Chlamydial infection is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted disease in the United States today. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that more than 4 million new cases occur each year. The highest rates of chlamydial infection are in 15 to 19-year old adolescents regardless of demographics or location. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), a serious complication of chlamydial infection, has emerged as a major cause of infertility among women of childbearing age. Chlamydial infection is caused by a bacterium, Chlamydial trachomatis, and can be transmitted during vaginal, oral, or anal sexual contact with an infected partner. A pregnant woman may pass the infection to her newborn during delivery, with subsequent neonatal eye infection or pneumonia. The annual cost of chlamydial infection is estimated to exceed $2 billion.
Hospital acquired infections are one of the most common complications of care in the hospital setting. Hospital acquired infections are infections that patients acquired during the stay in the hospital. These infections can cause an increase number of days the patients stay in the hospital. Hospital acquired infections makes the patients worse or even causes death. “In the USA alone, hospital acquired infections cause about 1.7 million infections and 99,000 deaths per year”(secondary).
A urinary tract infection is a very common infection that can happen to anybody. A urinary tract infection usually occurs when bacteria enters the urethra and multiples in the urinary system. The Urinary tract includes the kidneys, the thin tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder (ureters), and the main tube that carries the urine from the bladder (urethra). Women, men, and children are all immune to this infection. Women have the highest chances of getting it. In the Urinary tract, the main links of the ureters help get rid of any bacteria that tries to enter the urine, and the bladder helps prevent urine from backing up into the kidneys.
Cystitis is a common female problem. Its is estimated that 50% of adult women experience at least one episode of dysuria; half of these people have a bacterial UTI.