Urban asthma is considered one of the most rapid growing epidemics nationwide. Jason Corburn states in the article Urban asthma and the neighborhood environment in New York City, that in large urban areas, the prevalence of asthma is much more severe. There is a large body of observational studies that have been conducted on the causes of asthma in urban areas and it’s inextricable link to the socio-economic status of a neighborhood. Asthma is more likely to affect an individual from a poor urban neighborhood such as East Harlem in New York City versus someone living in the wealthy, affluent Upper East Side. There are many evident factors confirming that the prevalence of asthma is more likely to be found in East Harlem and not in the Upper East Side, such as tobacco smoke, allergens from open air trash receptacles, availability of products and even the type of promotion towards the target audience.
The biggest contributor to the prevalence of asthma in East Harlem is companies’ domineering promotion of consumer market products compared to the domineering promotion of
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It lies within Manhattan’s Community District 11. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the 2010 Census states the population as 120,511,with 49.2% of the total being of Hispanic origin. Among the population, 77.6% are 18 years and over. Upon further analysis, about 45.3% of the population rely solely on government assistance as a source of income. Through fieldwork observations, the area of 121st - 125th Street and Lexington Avenue, in East Harlem, is a major transportation hub for the MTA subway system, Metro-North, and Robert F. Kennedy Bridge. This area houses many fast food chain restaurants, bodegas, and local delicatessens. It is an area plagued with many social and health issues including, poverty, crime, drug addiction and the emergence of chronic diseases, such as urban
Schaffer, Richard, and Neil Smith. "The Gentrification of Harlem?" Annals of the Association of American Geographers 76.3 (1986): 347-65.Department of Geography. Hunter College of the City of University of New York. Web. 25 May 2014. .
It has given them many abandonment issues to deal with, while also telling them they are not worthy of living among the wealthier population. Environmental factors are involved in the problems arising in the South Bronx. Pollution, for example, could be the biggest source of the high number of children in the community who have asthma. Asthma is a condition in which one has trouble breathing.
There has been a tremendous change in East Harlem between class warfare and gentrification. East Harlem is one more economic factor to the city’s wealth per capita since the attack of September 11, 2000. It is Manhattan’s last remaining development and it is on the agenda of the tax revenue of our government. East Harlem has become a profit driven capitalism. Gentrification enforces capitalism, it does not separate people, it does not go against race, poor and the working class, it wages war on the poor and the working-class.
... motivation for wealthy individuals to return to the inner-city core but it also provides impetus for commercial and retail mixed-use to follow, increasing local revenue for cities (Duany, 2001). Proponents of gentrification profess that this increase in municipal revenue from sales and property taxes allows for the funding of city improvements, in the form of job opportunities, improved schools and parks, retail markets and increased sense of security and safety ((Davidson (2009), Ellen & O’Reagan (2007), Formoso et. al (2010)). Due to the increase in housing and private rental prices and the general decrease of the affordable housing stock in gentrifying areas, financially-precarious communities such as the elderly, female-headed households, and blue-collar workers can no longer afford to live in newly developed spaces ((Schill & Nathan (1983), Atkinson, (2000)).
Even though the cost of living can be very high most residents never have to worry about paying for a car. Taking a train, subway, or taxi is cheaper than paying for a place to park a car each month and the time it would take to drive through the cities traffic. In the western region of New York seeing an apartment complex isn’t very common, but living in an apartment is considered the norm for the residents that live in New York City because houses are way over priced for the average person. Living in the city compared to a small western region town can help means of transportation, future personal success, and overall make life easier but at a fast
In this paper we will take a closer look at Williamsburg in Brooklyn, New York which is currently facing many problems concerning gentrification.
Prior to taking it, I was unaware that the greatest difference in life expectancy observed between counties in the U.S. was 15 years. I was amazed that simply being born in a different zip code could affect life expectancy so greatly. This profoundly supports the conclusion environment affects health. Health expert Michael Marmot realized that a subway ride from an impoverished African American neighborhood to an affluent white suburb in Washington D.C. saw an average increased life expectancy of a year and a half for every mile traveled, totaling up to twenty years. We cannot control the neighborhood we are born into, and to see that such an uncontrollable factor can affect longevity so greatly in an industrialized nation, like the U.S., is astonishing (“Health equity quiz”, 2008). I was particularly amazed that in west Los Angeles, white neighborhoods have nearly 19 times as much green space as Black and Latino neighborhoods. The white neighborhoods have nearly 31.8 acres of park space for every 1,000 people, while the minority neighborhoods only have 1.7 acres of park space (“Health equity quiz”, 2008). Traveling in Las Vegas, parks can be found in nearly every area. Although there are probably more parks in wealthier areas, we do not see such a great discrepancy in our numbers-- or so it appears. To see that such a heavily populated city, like Los Angeles, treats residents so disproportionately was
Imagine a young child competing with his or her fellow classmates during recess and immediately losing the ability to breathe normally. He or she stops in the middle of the competition and falls to the ground while holding his or her chest trying to find air. When you are young, being able to keep up with your peers during recess and sporting events is very important, however, having asthma restricts this. Asthma has a significant impact on childhood development and the diagnosis of asthma for children 18 years and younger has dramatically increased over the years. Asthma is known as a “chronic inflammation of the small and large airways” with “evident bronchial hyper-responsiveness, airflow obstruction, and in some patients, sub-basement fibrosis and over-secretion of mucus” (Toole, 2013). The constant recreation of the lung walls can even occur in young children and “lead to permanent lung damages and reduced lung function” (Toole, 2013). While one of the factors is genetics, many of the following can be prevented or managed. Obesity, exposure to secondhand smoke, and hospitalization with pneumonia in the early years of life have all been suggested to increase children’s risk of developing asthma.
A large part of the change within a community is restaurants and grocery stores. With the influx of wealth coming into gentrified communities, the dining options within the area must match with the new demographic. Affordable grocery stores and restaurants are being bought out and displaced with new and expensive eating options. While this may be seen as a positive for people looking to buy or rent apartment in these areas, it is certainly a negative for someone who relies on these stores on a daily basis. Displacement isn’t confined to a physical location; culture can be displaced as well. The replacement of stores that citizens rely on for convenience is a part of gentrification as well. A notable example of gentrification outside of housing is Whole Foods. Whole Foods caters to the everyday lifestyle of the new demographic while upholding ludicrous prices for anyone on a budget. An article in The Real Deal New York States it best, “Kale could be a rent killer for long-term residents of Central Harlem.” This location in Central Harlem not only has ridiculous prices within the store, but the value of the apartments surrounding it have increased as well. This causes even more of a n increase in rent prices and pushes even more long-term citizens out of housing. Housing within a one-mile radius of the new Whole Foods in Harlem have a difference of four point seven percent in rent
The Englewood community is one of Chicago’s 77 official communities. The community is an urban setting comprised of 30,654 residents. Ninety-eight percent (98.8%) are African American. Of the population, 5,740 are youth 10 to 19 years of age, 18.7% of the population and approximately 60% of the households are headed by single women (U.S. Census, 2010). In 2011, median household income was $24,049 compared to the City of Chicago median household of $43,628. The 2010 U.S. Census did not report household income. Englewood ranks as one of the highest poverty communities in Chicago with a poverty rate exceeding 39% (Atlas of Illinois Poverty, 2003).
Inner City Communities are often areas which are both densely populated and deteriorating(quote). The areas and its residents have strongly been correlated with social and economical disparity. Residents of inner city communities have been plagued with problems including: “high unemployment, poor health care, inadequate educational opportunities, dilapidated housing, high infant mortality, and extreme poverty” (Attitudes and Perceptions, n.d). Though the inner city communities have been stricken with
Despite general declining rates of morbidity and mortality in the United States over the past century, African-Americans still find themselves at a health disadvantage and account for more than 40% of diagnosed cases of chronic diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, arthritis, asthma, obesity and cancer . Studies within the fields of sociology and public health have directed their focus towards individual-level determinants of health such as socio-economic status and individual health behaviors. However, there has been insufficient attention to how and why place and neighborhood contribute to racial/ethnic health disparities. This analysis examines the health implication of racial segregation as a result of gentrification on African Americans, explores systems of segregation measurement, and proposes ways to move beyond traditional public health and health care approaches to impact relevant policy.
On West 32nd Street, there is an area called Koreatown with over two street blocks enclaves with Korean cultural with over more than 100 businesses from Korean clothing stores to Korean restaurants. Aside from the Asians and the European of Eurasia, there are also Latin Americans in New York City. These people are from the countries of Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Ecuador, Colombia, and El Salvador. Out of these countries, the immigrants from Puerto Rico have the biggest population in New York City. A lot of them have migrated in parts of Lower East Side Manhattan and Williamsburg Brooklyn alongside the Jewish
Most of you may not think of asthma as a killer disease, yet more that 5,000 Americans die of asthma each year. According to the Mayo Clinic web page, asthma also accounts for more that 400,000 hospital discharges annually. As the number of people with asthma increases, the more likely you are to come in contact with a person who has the disease. As far as I can remember, I have had asthma my whole life. My mother and one of my sisters also have asthma, so I have a first hand experience with it. This morning, I will discuss some interesting facts about asthma, I will specifically focus on what it is, warning signs, symptoms, causes, and the treatments that are used.
Carbajal-Arroyo, L. (n.d.). Impact of Traffic Flow on the Asthma Prevalence Among School Children in Lima, Peru. Informa healthcare. Retrieved February 5, 2011, from http://informahealthcare.com/doi/full/10.1080/02770900701209756