Review of Literature
The core is a vital component in proper function of the kinetic chain. Athletic performance is most often produced by the kinetic chain to reach a desired athletic task (Kibler, B., Press, J., & Sciasca, A, 2006). The core is important for providing local strength and balance. Since the core is central to almost all the kinetic chain controlling balance and range of motion will maximize all kinetic chains of upper and lower extremity function. Therefore, this literature review will concentrate on: the structure of the core, upper extremity power, and lower extremity power. This review offers support for research examining the effect of core strength on upper extremity and lower extremity power.
Structure of the Core
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The gluteus maximus functions to accelerate hip extension and external rotation. It is a major dynamic stabilizer of the sacroiliac joint. It has the greatest capacity to provide compressive forces to the sacroiliac joint. The gluteus medius functions a primary frontal plane stabilizer of the pelvis and lower extremity during functional movements. The psoas helps with hip flexion and internal rotation. It creates a shear force at L4-L5. Lastly, an effective core allows for maintenance of normal length-tension relationship of functional agonist and antagonist (Prentice, 2015). This also allows for maintenance of normal force-couple relationships in the lumbo pelvic hip complex. Maintaining these relationships helps with optimal arthokintices during functional movements. Optimal neuromuscular efficiency in the entire kinetic chain allows for, acceleration, deceleration, and dynamic stability. Overall, having an effective core can help with stability of the entire lower and upper extremity and its movements.
Core
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& Anderson, B, 2013). The integration of core stabilization exercises into injury prevention programs, mainly more for lower extremity and back, is demonstrating decreased injury rates. There has been substantial evidence demonstrating core muscle recruitment alterations in low back pain patients compared with healthy controls. Lower Back Pain
The transverse abdominus and multifidus display change in recruitment that limit their ability to effectively stabilize the spine and provide accurate proprioceptive information (Bliven, K. & Anderson, B, 2013). After examining core muscle recruitment patterns during lower and upper extremity movements in low back pain patients to healthy patients the transverse abdominus was the first muscle recruited, followed by the multifudus, obliques, and rectus abdominus. All local stabilizers and global mobilizer core muscles were recruited before any extremity movement. This showed that the core muscles provide proximal stability for distal mobility. In the lower back pain patients, transverse abdominus recruitment was delayed in upper and lower extremity movements in all directions. The gluteus maximus activation was delayed, suggesting an inability to compress and stabilize the sacroiliac joint and pelvis with lower extremity movement. This shows alterations in muscle recruitment, suggesting
The gluteus maximus originates from both the ilium and the sacrum and inserts on the femur. The gluteus minimus abducts and rotates the thigh outward. The biceps femoris originates from the tuberosity of the ischium and is responsible for abducting the thigh and flexing the hindlimb or in humans the thigh/leg. The gastrognemius originates from the lateral sesamoid bone of the femur and extends the hindfoot in minks and the calves in humans (Scott).
In the frontal plane, the movement shows the depression of scapula. The joint involved in this part of the pirouette is the scapulothoracic joint. This motion can be analyzed in the frontal plane or the sagittal due to the movements of the shoulders with the trunk (Hall, 2011). In the transverse plane it is the external rotation of the hip that helps form a pirouette. The muscles used to perform the rotation are the gluteus minimus, piriformis, superior gemellus, inferior gemellus, obturator internus, obturator externus, and quadratus femoris (Hall, 2011). These muscles are used to help the leg move to the correct position for a pirouette.
Also adding to the joints stability are the two major pairs of ligaments: the cruciates and the collaterals. The medial and lateral collateral ligaments have a stabilizing effect in a lateral plane of motion, helping to prevent sideward displacement and over-rotation. The medial collateral attaches the femur to the tibia, also attaching to the medial meniscus. The lateral collateral attaches the femur to the fibula but has no attachment to the lateral meniscus. Both collaterals lie slightly posterior to the lateral axis of the knee joint and are taut when the knee is full extension. This positioning of the ligaments causes a slackness when flexion occurs, allowing medial and lateral rotation to take place.
The direction of the knee joint movement is regularly controlled by the ligaments and geometric constraints of the articular surfaces (Woo et al., 1999). The movements of the knee can occur in different directions which gives each ligament a multifunctional purpose. The major function of the anterior cruciate ligament is to prevent extreme anterior tibial movement in different degrees of flexion. The ligament itself aids significantly to the stabilization and the kinematics of the knee joint.In addition, the ACL functions as a major secondary restraint to internal rotation, particularly when the knee is near full extension.(Duthon et al., 2006)
The musculoskeletal system offers support and stability for your body so we can properly function and move around. Different types of muscle within the muscular system include cardiac, skeletal, and smooth. The reason our bodies are capable of producing movement is because of the way our muscles contract. Our adult skeletal structure is made up of 206 bones that all differ in shapes and sizes. The composing parts that make up the system include the bones, joints, and muscles that all connect so we’re capable of moving. These components allow for our bodies to maintain a stable structure that can keep us upright. The axial skeleton refers to the skull, the vertebral column which supports the spinal cord, ribs, and sternum. It offers protections
Supporting the upper limb body weight; allow us to maintain a correct anatomical posture. There are all together total 33 vertebrae
Throughout literature countermovement jumps (CMJ) are seen to be higher in contrast to squat jumps (SJ) (Bobbert et al. 1996; Kubo et al. 1999; Bobbert et al. 2005). However present literature regarding the key potential mechanisms behind why greater muscle forces are seen accelerating the body upwards in CMJ in comparison to SJ is somewhat unclear. A CMJ can be defined as a positioning starting upright, beginning the descending motion in advance of the upward motion in contrast to a SJ where the start position is squatted with no preparatory countermovement (Akl 2013). The higher jump heights seen in CMJ in comparison to SJ are apparent even if at the start of propulsion phase the body configuration is identical (Bobbert et al. 1996). In past literature three main mechanisms have looked to provide an explanation for the greater muscle forces seen in CMJ than the SJ. The first plausible theory is that the muscle stretch in CMJ increases the production of force capability of the contractile machinery (Edman et al. 1978; Ettema et al. 1992; Herzog et al. 2003). Secondly the assumption that the muscle fibres are on the descending limb of their force–length relationship at the start of propulsion in the CMJ and SJ, however in CMJ the stretching of a chain of elastic components, they are not as far past optimum length therefore allowing a greater force over the initial phase of their shortening range, with the stretching of sequences of elastic components, this then causes the storage of elastic energy that is then reutilized in the propulsion phase (Ettema et al. 1992). The final explan...
The focus of this paper is mechanically and automatically break down the deadlift. It focuses on the four phases of the deadlift (The lift off, pull through, the lockout, and the lowering phase) as well as the muscles involved in lifting and lowering the load. The sole purpose of the deadlift is for health and fitness. It is a core lift that works nearly every muscle in the body. Muscles from the lower and upper extremities will go through a period of flexion and extension when moving through the phases. The deadlift should be performed safely, and with proper form to avoid injury. This paper shows and demonstrates the proper form of the deadlift. There are also a number of forces acting on the load and the athlete. Gravity and external forces will be an active part of lifting the load. Images and tables are provided in the paper to better understand the movements and muscles used when performing the deadlift.
Hasenbring, M.I., Rusu, A.C., & Turk, D.C. (2012). From Acute to Chronic Back Pain: risk factors, mechanisms, and clinical implications: Oxford: OUP Oxford.
Evidence of lifting weights can be traced back to the origins of man. As far back as cave painting and scrolls, there exists evidence of weightlifting. Initially as an expression of strength, to competition and functional training, weightlifting has carved its path through the ages. It has taken on a new role in the modern world; athletic training. With an entirely new emphasis in sports on speed, strength, and flexibility; weightlifting is more popular than ever. Unfortunately, young athletes often do more harm than good by injuring themselves lifting. When these uneducated lifters try to jump right into a program, lifting more than they should, an injury is imminent. What is overlooked, is that when weightlifting is done correctly, it has a great potential to prevent injuries instead of cause them. Understanding how the body works, using proper technique on the appropriate lifts, and participating in regular physical activity can greatly reduce the risk of athletic injuries.
Some of the reasons why people should strengthen their core is it will help prevent injuries, protects your inner organs and central nervous system, and banish back pain. When straightening your core, people have to strengthen their core stability first. When strengthening your core your overall fitness will improve too. When this happens people are less
Slade S.C., Ther M.M., Keating J.L. (2006) Trunk-Strengthening Exercise for Chronic Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics vol. 29 pp:163-173.
Rectus, and External and Internal Obliques flex the spine. Transversus aids in respiration and helps to compress the abdominal cavity to help support the spine in neutral. 4. How does the breath relate to flexion and extension of the spine?
From daily joggers to athletes of every level the core muscle is a foundation to a strong running stride. From warriors to athletes, people have been pursuing a stronger body to meet their physical needs. The development of the human body core muscles “abs” take more than just running and cardio to develop a strong and lean core. According to the Runners Guide to Fabulous Abs, by Pacific Health Laboratories, running is a great source of cardio, but running alone won’t accomplish the end goal of solid abs. Through the course of the article, Runners Guide to Fabulous Abs, covers a wide range of topic pertaining to exercises, dieting, simple meal replacements, and of course running.
The purpose of the squat is to train the muscles around the knees and hip joints, as well as to develop strength in the lower back, for execution of basic skills required in many sporting events and activities of daily living. Because a strong and stable knee is extremely important to an athlete or patient’s success, an understanding of knee biomechanics while performing the squat is helpful to therapists, trainers, and athletes alike (11). Because most activities of daily living require the coordinated contraction of several muscle groups at once, and squatting (a multi-joint movement) is one of the few strength training exercises that is able to effectively recruit multiple muscle groups in a single movement, squats are considered one of the most functional and efficient weight-bearing exercises whether an individual’s goals are sport specific or are for an increased quality of life