Gender gap is the disproportion and disparity between the two genders. What is meant by gender gap in the question is the underrepresentation of women in physical sciences, engineering, mathematics and the rest of the scientific fields.
According to Orchid.org only 33% of 1 million scientists were women. The number of female scientists grew from 7% in 2001 to 13% in 2014.
In Social Sciences in Highly Cited the gap is smaller 13% in 2014 whereas it is 9% for Computer Science.
In some fields the gap continues narrowing, percentage of female engineers increased by 10% from 2001 to 2014, which makes the percentage 12% of all engineers in Highly Cited.
In Mathematics a similar increase happened, from 4% in 2001 to 11% in 2014.
In some fields like Physics, the number of women in that field didn’t increase much, only 1% in a period of 13 years.Science is already successful but I strongly disagree that women participating more in science won’t make a progress, even though the number of female scientists
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The second reason in motherhood, in a world where women are expected to take care of the children, balancing motherhood with career is hard. The third reason is male domination and challenges female scientists face, it is harder to be recognized or hired as a female, lack of research support and less funding even at higher positions, and less opportunities such as equipment and traveling, in a survey made across 130 countries and a variety of cultures the female scientists receive less funding, lack of space, office support and grants for opportunities. The fourth reason is lack of female scientist models and lack of encouragement from family and society, unsupportive, mainly religious societies such as in my country (Saudi
When asking the question, “What are the differences between men and women?” what things come into mind? When asking friends what their thoughts were they stated things such as men are stronger, women are weaker, men are bigger, women are smaller, men make more money, etc. Due to the obvious assumptions that people have been making for centuries it is thought by some Americans that males are the dominant sex. Before watching Miss Representation I had always gotten so upset at certain men for the way they treated women or the things they would say to them. After this film I realized that their actions might have stemmed from “rules” that they were taught an early age; those rules being the rules of masculinity. After reviewing the rules it finally clicked to me why
In 1994, 44% of all doctoral degrees to U.S. citizens went to women, up from 25% in 1977.
The underrepresentation of female’s interests and values is a global phenomenon as there is no country where women are equally represented on all levels of government. Since most women in the Western World gained the right to vote, there is no area of human life or development sector which is immune from the impact of inequitable gender relations. The central thesis of this paper is that women’s underrepresentation in elected office creates serious problems. This paper begins by analysing the key barriers of women to get into politics, especially into leading positions. It will then go on to the argument that women have special interests and needs, and that male politicians cannot represent those concerns adequately. Additionally, this paper describes further problems in today’s political world, such as women’s identification with
In a randomized double- blind study, science faculty from a research- intensive university rated the application materials of a student who was randomly assigned either a male or female name – for a laboratory manager position. Faculty participants rated the male applicant as significantly more competent and hirable than the identical female applicant. Meditation analysis indicated that the female student was less likely to be hired because she was viewed as less competent. Studies like this directly proves that gender bias lives in STEM societies. It is quite disturbing that the Stem society would stop low and practice in gender discrimination. For instance, DR. Vera Rubin was a pioneering astronomer who found the first empirical proof of “Dark Matter”. But before that she was rejected by Princeton for a graduate degree because their astronomy program did not accept women, this incident was in 1948 the policy was upheld until 1975. To think that it has only been forty one years that Princeton has been accepting women is amazing. How does a prestigious university degrade and discriminate against women? Princeton turning away Dr. Vera Rubin a perfect example of how turning women away can substantially limit the discovery of the unknown. Another example is Emmy Noether, Emmy Noether is regarded as one of the most influential figures in mathematical history. Even albert Einstein thought she
The issue of gender inequality will never truly be solved in the United States. This arises from differences in socially constructed gender roles as well as biologically through hormonal differences, chromosomes, and brain structures. Gender inequality is defined as unequal treatment or perceptions of individuals based on gender. One of the reasons for gender inequality is income disparities. Another reason is because of the positions in the workplace. Thirdly, the reason is because of beliefs that one another has. For these reasons is why these situations should be examined to get to the root of the problem.
On a daily basis people are exposed to some sort of misrepresentation of gender; in the things individuals watch, and often the things that are purchased. Women are often the main target of this misrepresentation. “Women still experience actual prejudice and discrimination in terms of unequal treatment, unequal pay, and unequal value in real life, then so too do these themes continue to occur in media portraits.”(Byerly, Carolyn, Ross 35) The media has become so perverted, in especially the way it represents women, that a females can be handled and controlled by men, the individual man may not personally feel this way, but that is how men are characterized in American media. Some may say it doesn’t matter because media isn’t real life, but people are influenced by everything around them, surroundings that are part of daily routine start to change an individual’s perspective.
Parents and educators both display actions that could be and continue to affect the gender gap in STEM. By parents not giving both their sons and daughters an equal to the questions they ask, it supports the idea of why there is a lack of women in these areas of study. Female teachers also may be openly expressing their struggles with math and other similar areas have negatively affected the gap in STEM today. Direct biases and unconscious biases are both reasons that lead to a gap in these areas. But as female teenagers mature and grow older, they have different wants than men do when they grow
When it comes to enrollment in post-secondary math and science programs are women discouraged or simply disinterested? Your run of the mill feminist will insist that the gap is caused by systematic bias, and that women are discriminated against in math and science. Is this an accurate reflection of reality or a scandalous omission of other important variables? Is it sexism or is it biological determinism that accounts for the gender disparity in Stem fields? My opinion is that there is no quantifiable systematic bias in educational institutions.
and thus a feminist way of doing science is only possible when a preceded by a shift in the patriarchal, sexist , deterministic mindset of the society. As I have stated earlier too, the field of science or any other field for that matter is a microcosm of the larger society and no change can be brought about in either individually. They mutually reinforce the ideas that govern their
Women hold a momentous role in society. They are a necessity to the evolution of the world by becoming the wife, mother, cook, and soul protector of the family. The outcome ought to result in women being treated as equals to the public, but the reality is a girl’s body is the soul attribute to their worth. Tensions about the complex workings of an adolescent’s body has many cultural and adorned meanings behind it and is readily looked over as a point of becoming a woman. The various meanings and positions taken on the body has turned women into the second sex or the other in society.
It is only recently that sociology has begun to explore the topic of gender. Before this, inequalities within society were based primarily on factors such as social class and status. This paper will discuss gender itself: what makes us who we are and how we are represented. It will also explore discrimination towards women throughout history, focusing mainly on women and the right to vote, inequalities between males and females in the work place and how gender is represented in the media.
Carol B. Muller, “The Underrepresentation of Women in Engineering and Related Sciences: Pursuing Two Complementary Paths to Parity.” National Academies Press (US); Web. 2003.
and wages. It will also tackle what is being done to solve this problem and what
Women have undoubtedly made "Substantial educational progress." ( Women 3) We should not forget that the large gaps between the education levels of women and men in the early 1970's essentially disappeared for the younger generation. Females on average outperform males in reading and writing, and take more credits in academic subjects. They are more likely than males to attend college after high school, and are as likely to graduate with a post-secondary degree. All of these accomplishments have accumulated with time and effort from women that have made a difference. It has taken years to get to where we are, but how far have we really come?.
Call me a bigot if you want but men are better mathematicians than women. Year after year, men score higher on the SAT’s, more men receive prestigious educations from the best technical schools in the nation, and men obtain more degrees, secure more jobs and get promoted more often. “The ETS report on students taking the SAT examinations indicates that males have traditionally scored 40-50 points higher on the mathematics section” (Women) “In 1996, California Institute of Technology’s enrollment was 75% male, Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s enrollment was 62% male, Renssalear Polytechnic Institute’s enrollment was 77% male, Rochester Institute of Technology’s enrollment was is 68% male, and Worchester Institute of Technology’s enrollment was 79% male” (Baron’s). The future for women who enter the work place as mathematicians is no more encouraging. “Roughly three times as many women are unemployed and six times as many women are in part time positions. The female mathematicians who acquire these full time jobs are less likely than men to be promoted to a position such as full or associate professor” (awm-math.org). Females’ lack of success as mathematicians has nothing to do with their mathematical potential. The reason females do not excel in mathematical fields can be explained by high school course selection, social pressures and support and not by genetic differences.