U.S. Policy on Libyan Chemical Weapons Proliferation
Introduction
A legacy of aggression exists between the United States and Libya which pervades every facet of U.S. foreign policy, particularly in the non-proliferation arena. The absolute distrust of Revolutionary Leader Colonel Mu'ammar Abu Minyar al-Qadhafi and his government expressed by U.S. officials has prompted the United States to play the role of policing non-proliferation of nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons, the so-called weapons of mass destruction (WMDs), in Libya. As Libya is a party to the Pelindaba Treaty for the establishment of the African nuclear-weapon-free zone (ANWFZ), it is bound to a commitment of nuclear non-proliferation. However, this treaty places no restrictions on the proliferation of chemical and biological weapons. In 1988, the United States Central Intelligence Agency revealed evidence that Libya has produced chemical weapons at the Rabta facility and, in 1996, had made plans for similar production at a clandestine facility near Tarhunah.1
Assuming that the production of chemical weapons in Libya is contrary to the goals of the non-proliferation regime supported by the United States, U.S. foreign policy must be bound to take a harsh stand against Libyan proliferation. However, obligations to U.S. security assurances expressed in Protocol I of the Pelindaba Treaty, the 1995 Review and Extension Conference for the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), and, most recently, the Presidential Decision Directive (PDD) proscribe the U.S. use of nuclear weapons on Libya.
The U.S. may use the principle of international law known as the "doctrine of belligerent reprisals," which overrides any security assurances to wh...
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...rt (Leklem 1998:1).
The BWC entered into force in 1975, the NPT in 1970, and the CWC in 1997.
NBC/M is the term which the National Defense University (NDU) employs to denote nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons and missiles to deliver them. This construct recognizes the ultimate importance of delivery systems with respect to the viability of any weapons program.
Klare notes that the United States faced little international and domestic criticism for its nuclear threats. Disturbingly, few critics noted that the US threat of nuclear force was contrary to international law and that it violated the aforementioned agreements.
Source: Office of the Secretary of Defense, Proliferation: Threat and Response, April 1996, p.27 (Brook 1997:1)
The Federation of American Scientists was formerly known as the Federation of Atomic Scientists and was founded as such.
On the other hand, in The Slippery Slope to Preventive War, Neta Crawford questions the arguments put forward by the Bush administration and the National Security Strategy in regard to preemptive action and war. Crawford also criticizes the Bush administration as they have failed to define rogue states and terrorists as they have “blurred the distinction” between “the terrorists and those states in which they reside”. In Crawford’s point of view, taking the battle to the terrorists as self-defence of a preemptive nature along with the failure to distinguish between terrorist and rogue states is dangerous as “preventive war
impact of high blood pressure by; reducing dietary salt, making fresh fruit and vegetables more affordable and accessible, implementing weight loss and exercise programs and utilizing blood pressure lowering medications. "The current focus of many health systems is on treating hypertension directly, and while treatments are effective in reducing morbidity and mortality, they are also very costly. Focusing efforts on primary prevention or treatment may have a significant impact on costs in the long term,” says McBrien. (McBrien
Driving is a privilege Americans have been afforded since the invention of the automobile in the late 1800’s. Yet with great power comes great responsibility. One of the responsibilities associated with being able to drive several tons of metal at high speeds is the responsibility of doing so without any distractions or impairments. Choosing to drive drunk puts not only the driver in danger, but also everyone else in the car and on the road. Currently, the average drunk driver will drive eighty times before getting caught by the police (1). On average, one third of all people will be involved in a drunk driving accident during the course of their lifetimes (7). Whereas driving drunk once can be seen as a mistake and a one-time lapse in judgment, choosing to recklessly ignore the law and the safety of others is a serious offense against society. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration reports that one in three persons arrested for drunk driving are repeat offenders (2).
Before there is a law, there is a bill – and bills have many phases to pass through before these may become laws. The course materials of week three point out that a bill can originate in the House of Representatives or in the Senate – but different versions of the same bill could begin simultaneously in both chambers of Congress (Unit 3 the Congress, 9). It is possible for the President – or someone else – to write a bill, but a member of Congress must introduce the legislation through sponsorship. New bills receive a number and receive assignment to the committee best suited to examine the bill. Project Vote Smart reveals “Bills may be referred to more than one committee and it may be split so that parts are sent to different committees” (Project Vote Smart 2010). If the bill passes through the committee – or committees – the bill may get a new number before passing on to floor action. But it is not necessary for the bill to receive a new number. The foregoing stages describe the initial actions of the Legislative branch in the procedure of a bill becoming law.
In early 2003, the threat of Saddam Hussein and the possibility of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq captured the attention and concern of the world. One nation decided to illegally act on these unsubstantiated claims, invading the country, violating the UN Charter and breaking several international laws in the process. The penalizations that were subject to the invading country, the United States, were never carried out. The United State’s role and influence over the UN and the Security Council, along with the nature of the unenforceable, politics and power-based international laws, allowed them to escape sanctions after their invasion of Iraq. The United States did not have a legitimate reason for invading, and their ability to repudiate international law would be unacceptable for any other country. Their decision to invade Iraq was one based on money and politics, and the US should be subject to penalties just as any other nation would have to face after unnecessarily waging war on a nation.
As many as 73 million Americans have high blood pressure. Of the 1 in every 4 adults wi...
The aim of this assignment is to discuss blood pressure and its relation to its contribution and relevance to contemporary professional nursing practice.
It is not a topic that is brought up often, especially at schools or at gatherings, yet it is crucial that everyone be educated, or at least informed on a topic that affects women every day. “Given that sexual violence continues to occur at high rates in the United States, it is vital that we understand attitudes and cultural norms that serve to minimize or foster tolerance of sexual violence” (Aosved, 481). Growing rates of sexual violence goes to prove that it is not taken seriously by many, especially when myths excuse the actions of the perpetrator and instead guilt victims into thinking they are responsible for the horrible act. Burt (1980), in her article titled, “Cultural myths and support for rape” attempts to make sense of the importance of stereotypes and myths, defined as prejudicial, stereotypes, or false beliefs about rape, rape victims and rapists- in creating a climate hostile to rape victims (Burt, 217). Examples of rape myths are such sayings as “only bad girls get raped”; “women ask for it”; “women cry rape” (Burt, 217). This only goes to prove that rape myths against women always blame and make it seem like it is the women’s fault she was raped and that she deserved it for “acting” a certain way. McMahon (2007), in her article titled, “Understanding community-specific rape myths” explains how Lonsway and Fitzgerald (1994) later described rape myths as “attitudes and beliefs that are generally
Frost uses a lot of imagery in “Home Burial” to give the reader a look at what is going on. The first line, “He saw her from the bottom of the stairs / Before she saw him,” lets the reader know Amy is at the top of the stairs, and her husband is at the bottom. He uses imagery to show many things such as facial expressions, movement from one place to another, and to describe a scene. He shows expressions in line eight “And her face changed from terrified to dull,” line forty-three “He sat and fixed his chin between his fists,” and line one-hundred and thirteen “…You’re crying.” By “seeing” these expressions, the reader can almost feel what is going on in Amy’s and her husband’s head. Line eight lets ...
The death of a close relative, especially a new born child, is a very terrible life event that tragically affects parents. Grief and desperation preoccupies parent's souls and it takes a long time to recover from such a loss. However, communication between the couple is very important factor that stabilizes the relationship. If this factor is missing in a couple's relationship they will not be able to recover from this tragedy, and it will have further negative effects such as separation and stress. The poem, "Home Burial", is a clear example of how the couple could not recover from the loss of their child due to the lack of communication. In spite of the fact that the characters in the poem are imaginary people, Robert Frost portrayed his personal life events in those character's lives. The unexpected death of a child can lead to a brake up in the family, especially if there is miscommunication between the couple. "Home Burial" illustrates a husband and wife who are unable to talk to each other. It shows details about men's and women's points of view. The characters in the poem will get divorced due to conflicts and difficulties in their relationship.
Blaming the victim of rape is a well-documented phenomenon which may be subtle in its presence, such as when one makes unrealistic statements about what the victim could have done to protect themselves; alternatively, it may take the form of outright displacement of the blame for the entire crime, an example being one saying the victim was asking for it. As a result of this widespread and sometimes subtle presence in the cultural psyche, victim blaming not only finds itself in the minds of random citizens whose beliefs alone have little effect on the lives of others, but in the decisions made by those in the Criminal Justice System who find themselves involved in rape cases. As a result of the ubiquitous and fallacious attitudes towards rape that seep into the Criminal Justice System from larger society, victim blaming creates bias in a system which should be without anything of the sort.
In our countries government, Congress plays a major role in decision making. They’re primary role is to pass laws. These laws start off as bills. Bills can only be introduced by members of Congress. Although these bills only come from Congressman, there are many people who influence these bills. Such as the president, regular citizens, offices in the executive branch, and many others. The bills right off the bat do not have a very good chance of passage. Only one out of every ten bills even gets any attention at all. This is because they must go through many tests and hearings before they even have a chance of landing on the president’s desk. These steps in a bill becoming a law are very important, and make sure that all bills passed into law are the best of the best.
Learning the consequences of having high blood pressure, one might be asking on how to
"Home Burial" is unfortunately a reflection of the reality that many marriages fail in the event of a child's death. A lack of communication, both verbally and physically, tears apart two people even without a tragedy as profound as the one that Frost and his wife experienced. Frost's work is an expression of the more serious and traumatic side of nature and reveals the consequences of inevitable human flaws.
Many of the real problems lie in the wife's self-absorbed attitude of consuming unhappiness and anger. Her outlook on her life and marriage is so narrow that she winds up making both her husband and herself victims of her issues. It is clear that Frost intended the reader to see through the dialogue of "Home Burial" how the selfish misery of one can wreak havoc on others, and how it may be impossible for such a situation to be overcome.