2.9.3. Observations Observation is another important method of data collection. There are two kinds of observations: participant observation and non-participant one. As Long (2005) states, the second one is used more in needs analysis projects than the first one. In both types of observation, the observer can directly study and examine what the participant does (Long, 2005). According to Richards (2001), the exact goal and aim of observation should be clear, and the observer should know what and how to observe. Dudley-Evans and St. John (1998) suggest that the observer should always explain the aim of observation to participants to gain trust. Dudley-Evans and St. John also suggest that although observation is mostly used for target situation analysis, it can be used for present situation analysis. One can employ observation both in non-English medium and English medium situations. Recording data of observation provides a documented picture of target demands (Hyland, 2006), and a useful bank of information (Jordan, 1997). 2.9.4. Self assessment Students can be asked to assess themselves. There are various ways of doing this: most involve forms of checklists and as a part of questionnaires. An important advantage of self assessment, as Jordan (1997) and Richards (2001) state, is that learners are involved and it helps them raise their awareness of language skill and abilities. On the other hand, it may result in impressionistic and imprecision information. According to Jordan (1997), although self assessment is sometimes used as a placement test, there is no doubt that more research is necessary in this area, and until then the results from self assessment questionnaires should be treated with more caution. Blue (as cited in Jor... ... middle of paper ... ...g. The results of general proficiency test showed that majority of students had low level of GEP. The study revealed several problems with teaching and also learning of ESP. Most of the participated suggested that ESAP courses should focus on ESP much more than GE. In addition, they asked material developers to revise the ESAP textbooks available. Give the above studies, one can understand that needs analysis studies do not have long history in Iran. The current studies mainly revealed that there is significant difference between the students’ perceptions and those of teachers, between students of different sexes, and even between graduate and undergraduate students regarding their present and target needs. In addition, as Atai (2002) points out, GEP level of learners are not satisfactory on entrance to ESP/EAP programs, and some remedial courses seems necessary.
Human being spend much time observing the world in which they live in. observing the world is something were familiar with is just that we have not considered it as a way of doing formal research. Observation does not just involve vision, it includes interpretation of that same date, it’s not just recording of data from environment we observe, we are active our brains are engaged as well as our eyes and ears. In a social gathering where you don’t know people researcher can adopt participant observation where she has two roles to play that is being an observer and participant. In a hospital a nurse can pretend to be a patient in other to be admitted into the ward to enable her obtain adequate information because informant
A good assessment practice is a key feature in order to achieve an effective teaching and learning practice. This section will consider the assessment issue from a theoretical and empirical perspective, having as the main objective to improve my future teaching. Traditionally, assessment has been thought to be something that happens after the learning process, something separate of the teaching process in time and purpose. (Graue, 1993). However, currently, approaches about assessment make the difference between Summative assessment or assessment of learning (AoL) and Formative assessment or assessment for learning (AfL), but this is not actually a new approach, as Ryle (1949) already talked about Knowing
In this assignment I will be analysing the purpose of assessment whilst demonstrating my understanding of the different assessment methods used. I will also be giving a brief explanation of my understanding of VACSR describing my understanding of what each element means and its importance when used in assessment. Furthermore I will be describing two assessment methods that I have used whilst teaching evaluating each method using VACSR identifying strengths and areas of improvement. Finally I will justify the reasons for using the two assessment methods chosen.
Assessments are an important part of teaching. Assessments are a good way for teachers to monitor students’ learning and understanding. Knowing students’ level of understanding can help teachers improve students’ learning and guide their instructions. In the future, I plan to continue assessing students in multiple ways such as, asking questions, illustrations and writing to adjust my instruction. I also plan to encourage students to assess their own work so they are involved in their own learning as well as look for ways to “employ technology to support assessment
Observation allows researchers to experience a specific aspect of social life and get a firsthand look at a trend, institution or behaviour. It promotes good communication skills, improves decision making and enhances awareness.
Sufficient and current and - Meet internal and external assessment requirement Involve learners in assessment : peer and self-assessment represent an interesting way to involve students in the assessment process as students assess each
This test was developed in correspondence with the increased need for competitive skills in English language. It is mostly taken by those who need to certify their level of English proficiency for reasons such as education, vocation and immigration. Quoting the IELTS Handbook (2006:4) Green (2007) claims that the test tests the language ability of candidates who may need to study or work in countries where English is the language of communication. The test generally measures a person’s ability to communicate in English across several skills including Listening on which this paper will focus on.
The observational method is when researchers use their senses to observe, examine, and record behaviors in a natural setting. This means there is no interruption or manipulation by the researcher. In order to enhance this type of research,
observation, it can often allow for an understanding of individual reactions to what is happening
Observation is essential for psychologists to get to know their clients. Examination consists of learning and understanding the way the client acts and thinks. While observing it is important to take mental notes and be aware of body language to see how the client reacts to certain questions and situations. There are many ways to do this, including case studies, surveys, and naturalistic observation. The case study examines an individual in depth, but often is in need for further study. “We must ask questions and look for answers within several different research methods.” (Plante, 2005) The survey looks at cases in less depth, but is used to estimate outcomes from a group of people. Naturalistic observation notes behavior in a natural environment, yet it does not explain behavior, it describes it. While observing, it is helpful to look for patterns and sequences because as Heffner stated “Order can be found in even the most random data.” (2001) Nevertheless, observation is important because before psychologists can explain what people do, they must first observe what it is that they do.
An ESP course entails rigorous adherence to its absolute characteristics that define it as need based pedagogy which uses specific content and specialized language to help learners acquire proficient use of language in diverse academic or workplace contexts. ESP involves various steps in designing, implementing and assessing a target course. This includes identification of the key issues that are specific to the teaching and learning context, cognizance of the implications for the course design, conducting a comprehensive needs analysis, collating the results of research, analysing data, developing course outline, selecting materials, defining appropriate methodology, developing assessment tools, and evaluating the course for further improvement.
The antecedent for Sam is being told “time to brush your teeth”. This functions of Sam’s desired behavior. When Sam is instructed he will come to the bathroom to brush his teeth. The material Sam needs is his Batman cup, toothbrush, and toothpaste. The setting is Sam’s bathroom and the environment is Sam’s house. One specific step that can be observed and measured is Sam brushing his teeth. His parents/grandparents set the timer for two minutes and are present observing Sam brush his teeth.
The biggest advantage of any ESP/EST course is that it mainly emphasizes on the learner-centred and the designed course is based on the needs of the learners. Adriana
Self assessment is a process in which you examine yourself in attempt to discover and learn more about yourself. Your likes, dislikes, behaviors, attitudes and habits can be found during this process. You can use the discoveries to your advantage by accepting or changing strengths and weaknesses. I plan on using this course to enhance my personal skills to become a better student and find success in earning my Bachelor of Arts degree at Ashford University in Social Science. Self Assessment is the first step in my successful future.
Systematic social observation (SSO) is a method of observational science which relies on field research to accurately record, study and better understand police work. SSO relies on setting parameters and fixed variables to allow for a more standardized form of observation (Bachman & Schutt, 2012). In order for a systematic approach to be followed, observers, usually students, are pre-selected based on their ability to record information that is both reliable and