Introduction The basic Operation of turning is also one of the most important machining process that can produce a wide variety of parts. It can be defined as the removal of metal from the outer diameter of a rotating cylindrical workpiece. This Process requires a turning machine or lathe, work piece, fixture, and cutting tool. Turning operation is used to reduce the diameter of the work piece, based upon the specified dimension, and to produce a smooth surface finish on the metal. The material used in turning operation is generally a work piece generated by other processes like casting, forging, drawing, or extruding. Common materials like Aluminium, Brass, Magnesium, and Nickel, etc. used as a workpiece material in turning …show more content…
Mechanics of Turning Process
4.1 Chip Flow Direction in Turning Operation
A turning tool has a complex shape. There are many angles ground on it. In metal cutting Process Chip flow direction, a very complex problem, affects the reliability and efficiency greatly. It depends on all parameters and conditions of cutting processes and closely related to the chip flow. The nature of chip flow and its direction affect the chip curling and breaking processes. They can change the motion of the chip and the effective groove width of the chip breaker therefore the chip flow direction plays an important role in the chip control [8].Chip flow Direction will be the important factors affecting the effective rake angle of the tool which in turn has influences on the cutting forces and the tool life. Therefore the role of the chip flow direction is subjected to be studied in the metal cutting theory. Many researchers worked on the chip flow angle and different mathematical models have been developed for chip flow angle. Colwell [11] states chip flow angle as the angle between a plane perpendicular to the direction of feeding for a single point cutting tool, and a plane through the path of the chip intersecting the reference plane in a line which is parallel to the cutting
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Regression function that describes the correlation between the chip flow angle and three independent variables (feed rate, depth of cut and tool nose radius) and the chip flow angle is determined from the regression equation. φ=54,8276((f^0.2247× r^0.2715)/D^0.4488 ) (6)
The above equation derived by using regression analysis method.
4.2 Effective Rake angle in Turning
Rake angle plays both important roles in the mechanism and the mechanics of machining. There are different types of rake angle are there, but that rake angle is obviously the most significant which is taken in the direction of actual chip flow. This rake is called Effective Rake (γe).
Definition of Effective Rake angle: The angle of inclination of the rake surface from πR and is measured on that plane which is perpendicular to the reference plane and is taken in the direction of actual chip flow. Figure 5 shows a right hand turning tool whose cutting edge has been ground with back rake angle γb and side rake angle γs. ψ will be the chip flow direction angle between PB and PE, Point P is at the nose. Assume nose radius will to be zero [7].
Fig 5. Effective Rake angle in a Turning
...t; the W axis lets go of the chatter killer plug and goes to its home position. Different machining processes can be started, like threading, turning, chamfering and boring of the pipe. Once the thread is cut on the pipe, it is thoroughly inspected. The American Petroleum Institute commonly referred to as API has been developing technical standards for the industry since 1924. These technical standards are uncontroversial, ensure safety, safeguard health and protect the environment. Once the thread has been inspected and passed, a thread protector is screwed on that covers the entire thread are on both internal and external threads. After the other end of the pipe goes through the same process, the pipe is ready to be used in oil drilling applications.
This tool has a thin metal sheet or ribbon attached to the handle. The ribbon carves into the material.
Woodworkers contribute to the beauty and variety of the wooden products that surround us. Some woodworkers are employed in primary industries, meaning that they transform raw logs into a usable form of wood to sell to manufacturers or the public. Woodworkers can also be found in secondary industries, manufacturing finished products such as wooden toys, beds, dressers, moldings, and window frames. Many woodworkers have to read blueprints or drawings of a finished product, Measure the materials and operate the machines that cut and shape the wood. They also use hand tools to be more precise. Woodworkers need to use many different types of machines. From manual to almost fully automatic. The increase in computerized machinery has increased the productivity and precision, as well as the demand for workers with computer knowledge.
The Medicine Wheel is a motif that was used and created by plains tribe and other Native Americans to exemplify knowledge, healing and power to the universe. It is located in Bighorn National forest on top of the Bighorn range in Lovell,Wyoming. They were created by laying stones in various directions and patterns on the ground. To fully perceive the Medicine Wheel and how it relates to astronomy you have to also know how they were made, the four directions, and the cultural history.
scientific experiments (Go welding: history of welding 1). Conventional welding is most easily explained as arc welding processes. Some arc welding processes are TIG welding, Stick Welding(SMAW), and MIG welding. TIG stands for Tungsten Inert Gas welding this means that using tungsten as a electrode and an inert gas, which is usually argon, the weld is produced by creating an arc between the piece being welded and the tungsten electrode. SMAW or stick welding utilizes a stick electrode held in a clamp surrounded by a powdered substance to weld. Mig welding uses a machine that holds a wire feeder within it, the wire feeder feeds the wire electrode through a tube to a gun that slowly sends out the wire as well as a steady flow of inert gas. These and other processes classified as conventional welding processes are the best processes for welding jobs because they are more cost effective, more...
Anybody and everybody can become an industrial machinery mechanic; especially, those who are passionate about getting their hands plastered in motor oil, grease, and other mechanical lubricants. These people will more than likely be ecstatic about getting into industrial machinery mechanics. They need to be able to put in one hundred ten percent of their effort into becoming an industrial machinery mechanic. An industrial machinery mechanic’s overall objective on the job is to stop a mechanical error before it happens. An industrial machinery mechanics are often caught repairing, maintaining, and fabricating machinery. They will be required to have certain education and training as well as some on the job training or complete an apprenticeship program. They will receive many benefits for working in this particular field.
If the blade did not hit the exact spot on the neck it would become as though it was an axe. It would hack away until the head came off. After all the chopping, the blade will often become dull. Throughout the revolution, the blade was changed, it became angled. The angling of the blade helps kill faster.
The basic trimmer works by the engine driving a multi-bearing supported hardened steel shaft housed in an aluminium tube through a centrifugal clutch this shaft is connected to a “head” that holds a nylon line that spun at high revolutions per minute (RPM). This nylon line then cuts the grass by hitting the blades of grass at high speed, this cause the grass to be severed at the point of impact. Thus trimming the grass.
The next type of mitre saw is the Standard mitre saw. The Standard mitre saw is known as a power tool and was mainly for straight cross cuts into the work piece. An example of material the Standard mitre saw can be used for cutting is lumber and it can cut at a range multiple angles but it is not very often used to make a forty five degree angle cut ( for framing). Next up is the Compound-mitre saw. The Compound-Mitre saw adds a new ability which allows the blade to rotate to multiple different angles due to the board which is now allowing the operator to insert the wood at any angle except the ninety degree angle. The Compound-Mitre saw creates a slanted cut, the cut can also be described as a ramp because of the angle it cuts in the side of the workpiece, letting the operator create more complex cuts. This feature is unusually or commonly used to make trim work for shelters/homes. The Compound-Mitre Saw is also known as a “Single Compound-Mitre Saw,” This meaning the head is only able to rotate when it is angled on a side. Because of this, the operator will have to flip the board to perform angled cuts in the opposite direction. The next type of mitre saw is the Dual Compound-Mitre Saw. The Dual Compound-Mitre Saw can also be
This new saw was effective, but was not very specialized. It would react differently under different conditions. Eventually more complex designs were discovered. These new designs allowed for the precision cutting of hardwood, softwood, with the grain, against the grain, and even raked out the unwanted sawdust. These saws differed in the layout of the teeth. Instead of the jawbone patter the teeth were placed in a "left-right-angled" pattern, to rake the sawdust, and were placed at different distances depending on the substance being cut.
The nail clipper has two main parts that are bolted together and provide the necessary leverage to trim the nail. Attached to the base of the nail clipper is a file that is connected by a circular shaft that allows you to rotate the file 360 degrees about the shaft. A bolt to the base connects the second part that provides leverage and this rotates about the bolt to either a position that is parallel to the main part or at a point that is 43 degrees at an angle to the main part (Figure 1).
Nowadays vending machines are really common in any places. Vending machines are really convenient to anyone and you can buy something in it anytime. Vending machine is a coin operated device that is used to sell items such as snacks, beverages, alcohol, cigarettes, books, lottery tickets, and many more(Jade, 2011). In 251BC, the invention of the first vending machine took its place in the temples of Egypt which dispenses Holy water. The first concept of vending was actually created to prevent holy water theft back in 1st century (Smith, 2015). In the early years of 1880’s The first coin-operated vending machines were invented in the early 1880’s in London, England that dispensed post cards. After few years, there came out a vending machine that could dispense books which was invented by Richard Carlisle. As the years went on, different items can be purchased like stamps, cigarettes, and gum balls. As of 2010, United States has the greatest number of vending machine in the world with a number of
Statement of the Problem: RC cars are usually hard to control if you are using one hand. This difficulty occurs because of its design and shape. I plan on making a hand glove that can control RC cars using just one hand with the movement of your fingers. Purpose of the Study Normal RC cars usually take two hands to navigate and drive the car using the remote. By developing this hand glove, the requirement for the control over the RC car would be reduced to just one hand rather than two.
Effect of the Washing Machine on society This essay will explore the impact of the washing machine on society. In particular, it will focus on Women and how the technology influenced them. First world, western cultures where the impact of the washing machine is mature will be focused on. At the beginning of the 20th century, the majority of married women worked at home. At the turn of the 21st century, most married women work full time.
There are two types of motors dc motors and AC induction motors, the two motors have both the same function to convert the electrical energy into mechanical energy but the difference is the type pf power which is used in each motor the DC motors use the direct current while the AC induction motors use the alternating current. The speed of the two motors is varied the DC motor use armature current to control it while the AC induction motor is being controlled by the frequency. The AC motors is classified into two types the first type is induction motor which is operated by applying the magnetic field on the rotor while the other type is synchronous motor which is rotating at the supply frequency but the speed and velocity of synchronous motor is higher than the induction motors.