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Behavioral modifications for smoking cessation
Introduction to essay smoking cessation therapy
Introduction to essay smoking cessation therapy
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The Transtheoretical Model is used to understand how individuals change health behaviors. Use of this model aids in developing interventions, appropriate for each stage of the change process. The model includes a total of six stages of change, which are: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination (Glanz, Rimer, & Viswanath, 2015). During the precontemplation stage, individuals have no intentions of taking action to change their behaviors within the following six months. During the contemplation stage individuals have an intention to change their behavior within the next six months. Individuals of the preparation stage, intend to take action to change the health behavior within the next 30 days. Action …show more content…
Rigotti and associated found one third of college students are current tobacco users (Obermayer, Riley, Ofer, & Jersino, 2004). College students however are unlikely to seek professional help to quit smoking. 46 college student participants, aged 18 to 25 year old in the Washington D.C. area participated in the study. Subjects reported smoking an average of 28 cigarettes per week and had a desire to quit smoking within the next 30 days. Measurements were taken on the Seven Day Reconstructions, Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale, and a program questionnaire at pretest and six weeks later at …show more content…
On subjects individual selected quit day the program sent a text message to participants of encouragement about remaining abstinent throughout the selected quit day. Subjects also received support to help with withdrawal symptoms as well as strategies for coping. Throughout the quit day maintenance and relapse prevention period subjects received two text messages. Participants had the option of replying back that they were doing alright and did not need further assistance and also got reminders about the number of days since they quit and encouraged them to remain abstinent. After six weeks into the program, nearly half of the subjects reported having gone through a 24-hour quit period and 22 percent had quit smoking (Obermayer, et al., 2004). The quit rate results of this study support that a behavioral smoking cessation program can be delivered via text messages. References Glanz, K., Rimer, B., Vixwanath, K., (2015). Health behavior: Theory, research, and practice. (5th ed.). San Francisco, Ca: Jossey-Bass. Obermayer, J., Riley, W., Ofer, A., Jersino, J. (2004). College smoking cessation using cell phone text messaging. Journal of American College Health, 53(2), 71-78. DOI: 10.3200/JACH.53.2. 71-78 Diclemente, C., Fairhurst, S., Prochaska, J., Rossi, J., Velasques, M., Velices, W. (1991). The process of smoking cessation: An analysis
This section discusses health psychology and behavioral medicine, making positive life changes, resources for effective life change, controlling stress, behaving, and your good life. Health psychology emphasizes psychology’s role in establishing and maintaining health and preventing and treating illness. It reflects the belief that lifestyle choices, behaviors, and psychological characteristics can play important roles in health. The mind is responsible for much of what happens in the body, it is not the only factor, the body may influence the mind as well. Making positive life changes include health behaviors- practices that have an impact on physical well being. The stages of change model describes the process by which individuals give up bad habits and adopt healthier lifestyles. The model has five stages: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation/ determination, action/ willpower, and
In 1979, James O. Prochaska developed the Trans-theoretical model (TTM) which has its roots in psychotherapy, and representing the outcomes and the critical review of three hundred therapy studies. (McKenzie, et al., 2005) As a model in nature, TTM aims to presented processes and explain them thus is helping planners and healthcare educators better understand implementation and evaluation of programs as well as defining the framework on which to create plans for programs. (Butler, 2000) According to McKenzie et al (2005), TTM refers to as stage theory where people are classified into categories and identifies the overall factors that move people from one category to the next. Specifically, stage theories are characterized by four fundamental principles, which are as follows: (1) Definition of stages by generating a category system (2) Ordering of stages (3) Common barriers (4) Different barriers. Based upon these principals, transtheoritical
A of his current state of health and lifestyle behaviours (Harris, Nutbeam, Wise, 2004). For example, the model explores 6 behavioural stages; pre-contemplation, contemplation, determination, action, maintenance and termination. These stages focus on the individual’s experience, behavioural changes and processes as opposed to an event which has determined a behaviour change. Evidently, the transtheoretical model determines that Mr. A is at the pre-contemplation stage (Prochaska & Velicer, 1997). Due to Mr. A experiencing this stage, he is not planning change to his current lifestyle choices. Although Mr. A is not planning changes in the foreseeable future, the transtheoretical model in conjunction with an education campaign can inform Mr. A about different behavioural stages that he may experience. However, understanding this behaviour change model of health cannot determine why Mr. A’s his current lifestyle and behaviour (Prochaska & Velicer, 1997). Fortunately, inclusion of maslow’s hierarchy of needs psychology theory (Donovan, Egger, Spark, 2005) used in conjunction with the transtheoretical model of health, can identify barriers that are stopping Mr A from actively using information from health education campaigns to change his behaviour (Harris, Nutbeam, Wise,
We discussed methods/ and or techniques that allows organization to learn how to effectively use these stages of Transtheoretical Model of Change and how it relates to change. “This model emphasizes the decision making of the individual and has been applied to a wide variety of problem behaviors including alcohol and drug abuse, smoking, and overeating. The Transtheoretical Model of Change describes change as a process—rather than a single event— that involves progress through a series of stages. The primary organizational constructs of the Transtheoretical Model of Change are the Stages of Change and the Processes of Change.” Tomlin, K., Walker, R. D., Grover, J., Arquette, W. & Stewart, P. (2005). Also, figuring out solutions but using this method of approach to help change the behavior by overcoming their lack of motivation. How will we overcome it? By using the motivational interviewing approach/ and or stages to help guide organizations through
The Transtheoretical Model is used to evaluate individuals at the various stages of change in order to implement applicable behavior theories to create a desired response and behavioral change towards a healthier lifestyle. This model was further evolved and examined while studying people attempting to quit smoking. This study demonstrated that people would only quit when they are ready. Based on this information, the TTM is centralized around the concept of intentional change or cognitive choice to make a change in behavior. The TTM model has been used not only in smoking, but also in domestic abuse, alcoholism, and diet. Also, there has been success in multiple settings from primary care to schools.
The report is focused on the effort to define what strategy, method or program is the most effective in producing long-term and positive changes in smoking behavior. The first part of the report deals with the problem the reviewer has to face of sorting through outcome research that is permeated by many methodological deficiencies. The most pervasive problem in the evaluation of the outcome data from smoking cessation programs is the validity of the treatment results.
The Transtheoretical Model was developed by Prochaska and DiClemente in the 1970s, it took shape after studies were analyzed that observed the experiences of smokers who quit without intervention versus those needing treatment. It was concluded that individuals stopped smoking only when they were ready to. Following this observation, the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) centers on the decision-making of the individual person and is a model of intentional change. The TTM works on the assumption that individuals don’t alter behaviors abruptly and conclusively. Instead a change in behavior, particularly habitual behavior, happens continuously via a cyclical process. The TTM is a model, as opposed to a theory; therefore different behavioral theories and constructs can be applied to various phases of the model where they can be effective (Glanz et al., 2008).The TTM also incorporates a list of outcome variables: decisional balance, self-efficacy, behaviors and any other psychosocial or biological variables that might help to describe the specific area of change.
Hypnotherapy is widely recognised, as a method for aiding smoking cessation, however, conflicting evidence exists regarding its efficacy. In meta analysis hypnosis proved 3 times more effective than nicotine replacement methods, and 15 times more effective than stopping without help (Schmidt and Chockalingham, 1992). Having said this, results are not always clean cut. A number of studies report a mixture of success rates i.e. 90.6% (Barber, 2001), 90% (Klager, 2004), and 80% (Crasilneck, 1990), while others report much lower rates of success at 48% (Elkins and Rajab, 2004) and 25% (Ahijevych, Yerardi and Nedilsky, 2000). Something else to consider is the variety of methods that may be adopted in order to treat smoking cessation with hypnosis, as the efficacy of these methods may also vary (Crasilneck, 1990; Barber, 2001; Spiegel, Frischholz, Fleiss and Spiegel, 1993). However, the constant variable within smoking cessation treatment is the patient. Therefore, treatment tailored towards the individual needs of the smoker needs to be considered when evaluating the best approach to therapy.
Objective 10 reads, “Increase tobacco cessation counseling in health care settings.” In 2007, 19.2 percent of visits to office-based ambulatory care settings for tobacco users over age 18 included tobacco cessation counseling. In 2010, the number ...
The health behavior that I wished to improve on during this semester is to stop smoking. I picked up my first cigarette when I was eighteen and unfortunately I haven’t been able to put one down until I took this class. In my country a lot of people smoked cigarettes and I didn’t think that there was anything wrong with smoking or that smoking caused any harm to your body. In my country they don’t advertise cigarettes as being harmful like they do in America. When I moved here I noticed a lot of advertising against smoking cigarettes. In the advertisements on billboards and TV commercials there were women and men who had been affected by cigarette smoking. One advertisement had a woman who didn’t have toes because of smoking and a man didn’t have legs because of smoking. One person had died but had never smoked a day in his life he died from second hand smoke. After watching that it scared me and it made me think about my smoking and it made me want to attempt to quit smoking. When I saw my friends smoking and while I was smoking I thought of those people in the commercials and how easily me my friends could become just like those people in the commercials.
Since the introduction of electronic cigarettes to the U.S. market in 2007, the use and the regulations governing the product has been a topic of debate. Because the electronic cigarette does not contain tobacco, it is currently not regulated by the FDA. The device essentially allows the consumers to inhale nicotine, in the form of vapor, and satisfy the sensations associated with the habit of smoking without taking in tobacco. Although the market for electronic cigarettes is steadily growing, much opposition still exists against the product because the possible side effects and adverse symptoms are not completely known. Also, because of increasing media portrayal of electronic cigarettes as trendy and because of the lack of regulation governing these devices, many people are concerned that electronic cigarettes will have a greater appeal towards young children, leading to nicotine addiction. In addition, although it was suggested that electronic cigarettes could be used as a treatment method for smoking cessation, the devices were initially thought to merely switch the addiction from cigarettes to the electronic versions – whose potential dangers have not yet been dismissed. However, recent studies that have been done on electronic cigarettes have suggested that the devices have a promising capability capacity to be used as a treatment method for smoking cessation. Randomized controlled experiments have been conducted to show that use of electronic cigarettes does, in fact, increase smoking reduction and abstinence. Comparing the effects of this device with those of other products already in use in nicotine replacement therapy has further supported the electronic cigarettes’ potential successfulness in treatment for smoking cessa...
DiClemente, R. J., Salazar, L. F., & Crosby, R. A. (2013). Health Behavior Theory for Public Health: Principles, Foundations, and Applications. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning
Smoking is a lifestyle, a habit, and a trend. Smoking has become a social activity among teens, connecting them through the craving of a smoke. Smoking is seen as seductive and cool in the media and movies which influences teenagers to smoke even more. The World Health Organization has stated that “Tobacco kills around 6 million people each year. More than 5 million of those deaths are the result of direct tobacco use while more than 600,000 are the result of non-smokers being exposed to second-hand smoke.” As of April 2016, only 7% of teenagers in the U.S. smoke, but it is said that tobacco use will kill 8 million people annually by 2030. 99% of adult smokers start in their years as teenagers. Smoking is an epidemic that has taken control of people’s lives since 1881 and the media since the early 1900s. Smoking currently kills about 440,000 people a year in the U.S. I feel that it is an issue because it is the #1 most preventable way to die, but people still continue to smoke because of how it looks and how they are perceived as a person if they do. The fact that people become addicted to a trend that will attribute to their death for the sake of being thought of as cooler, is a problem that needs to be addressed.
Some do choose a healthy lifestyle and along the way college students live out their lives. Unfortunately, there are still a lager amount of college students does choose the unhealthy lifestyle. Reason one, students can be stress and that only way by helping their stress is by smoking some cigarettes. Or reason two, students can have unhealthy family background. For example, if a college students have along day in school and didn’t go as how he/she wanted to and all that student wanted is to come home and relax from a long day, but when that student comes home and there’s so many family problems going on around the house he/she will feel uncomfortable do to family. That does put the college students in a lot of stress. Therefor, college students will choose that path on smoking some cigarettes. In the article of, Cigarettes Smoking Practices Among American College Students “ studies show that smoking by college students is associated with being White, living in housing where smoking is permitted, using alcohol and other substances, and having a lower psychological sense of well-being. Depression, life satisfaction, and coping style are also related to college smoking, but the causal relationship remains unclear”. Overall, the problem here is that college students are choosing unhealthy lifestyle and that number is increasing every time and every
UPenn, e. (n.d.). Health Behavior and Health Education. Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved April 21, 2014, from http://www.med.upenn.edu/hbhe4/part4-ch15-organizational-development-theory.shtml