Translational Medicine: Introduction, Different Phases, Training and Career Scopes
Just like the Big Data (or Big Data Analytics), Translational Medicine has been another hot trend in recent times. Translational Medicine (TM) is also known as Translational Science (Research), Evidence Based Research, or Disease Targeted Research.
What is Translational Medicine?
Translational Medicine is the process of using the findings of laboratory research to develop new diagnostic tools and treatments, and similarly using the research findings from clinic (clinical trials) to develop new research ideas for laboratory research. Translational Medicine is based on three pillars - benchside (laboratory), bedside (clinic/hospital) and community (patient and
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Different Phases of Translational Medicine
Basic Research
The basic research involves investigating fundamental science of human biology and pathobiology. People involved in basic science usually conduct research in the lab (bench work), which lead to identification of disease causing factors, drug targets (proteins or genes) and regulatory pathways (at genetic, molecular or cellular levels).
Pre-Clinical Research
This part that acts as a bridge between the basic science and clinical medicine. During this stage, scientists take forward the findings from the basic science (laboratory findings) to further understand the aetiology of the disease, and also work upon finding treatment. Whereas basic science is (or at least should be) non-targeted; pre-clinical research is always targeted towards a particular disease. Scientists test hypothesis using cells, tissues, animal models. Use of various computer-aided simulations are also very common in order to facilitate the development and preliminary testing of drugs and diagnostic tools (or
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TM provides feedback to pre-clinical scientists for further studies on an ad-hoc basis. During the final pre-approval stage TM provides insights into the target populations that may have a selectively better outcome and thus creating doors for personalized medicine. Hence the quest of finding new biomarkers is getting a lot of importance in order to stratify patient populations properly and provide a quantitative evidence of the benefits from the interventions. Modern translational medical researchers are even hoping to take the field to single patient level through stem cell technology in the coming
Angell, Marcia. "The Ethics of Clinical Research in the Third World." New England Journal of Medicine. 337.12 847-849. Web. 9 Feb. 2014.
Global healthcare issues are defined as areas that can be improved by research and the dedication of the research, taking the responsibility and leadership in order to analyze and find better outcomes for a better heather system and revolution. The world has and will continue to face challenges within the health care industry and with contributions that associated with the health care industry.
On June 23, 2016, the UK voted to withdraw from the European Union, raising many questions about the future of clinical trials. However, Brexit wasn’t the beginning of the conversation, and it certainly isn’t the end.
In the healthcare system many times patients are just patients and appointments are just appointments. The outlook on the patients and appointments all depends on the area of practice and the health professional themselves. Working in the emergency department, the nurses and doctors there typically do not see the same patient more than once and if they do the chance of them remembering them is slim to none just for the simple fact of the pace of the department. When it comes down to Physicians in the hospital setting, the care is not just quick and done. Great patient to healthcare professional relationships are formed and for some it may feel as if they are taking a “journey”(209) with their patients as they receive their medical care. This essay will be based off the book Medicine in Translation: Journeys with My Patients by Danielle Ofri, in which Ofri herself gives us the stories of the journeys she went on with several of her patients. Patients are more than just an appointment to some people, and when it comes to Ofri she tends to treat her patients as if they are her own family.
Potter, J. E., White, K., Hopkins, K., Amastae, J., & Grossman, D. (2010). Clinic Versus Over-
Recognition of the gap that exist between research finding and their application to practice is growing, DNP must be able to translate newly discovered relevant scientific knowledge into their provision of health care and navigate in the health care system to improve patient outcome. both educational pathway are completing one another, from research to practise , collaboration is an essential skill for all researcher and practitioner in the 21th century health care.
Stem cell research is one of the most widely expanding areas of scientific research being conducted all over the world today. In basic terms, stem cell research is the research of stem cells; however in actuality is much more complicated. A stem cell is a cell with the ability to develop into any of the cell types that make up the tissues and organs of the body. This makes these cells highly useful and provides endless opportunities in the field of regenerative medicine.
... in clinical trials. This decision will benefit pharmaceutical companies and CROs since it allows them to use placebo control even when a standard treatment is available [10 & 11].
Pre-clinical testing is performed to Good laboratory practice (GLP) and covers pivotal toxicology & safety pharmacology studies. In preclinical research, scientists test their ideas for new biomedical prevention strategies in laboratory experiments or in animals.
Turner, B. J., Newschaffer, C. J., Zhang, D., Fanning, T., & Hauck, W. W. (1999). Translating clinical trial results into practice. Annals of Internal Medicine, 130(12), 979-986.
The globalization of clinical trials is a fairly new phenomenon and the price of developing new drugs on average costs $1 billion and most of that cost stems from human clinical trials. In the “Ethical and Scientific Implications of the Globalization of Clinical Research” essay, the reason for outsourcing clinical trials to developing countries is the increasingly bureaucratic and expensive regulatory environment in many wealthy countries. Regulating clinical research have become very complex, placing a...
Tunis S., Stryer D., Clancy C. Increasing the Value of Clinical Research for Decision Making in Clinical and Health Policy. JAMA. 2003;290(12): 1624-1632
Research is a time consuming method of collectively gathering information in order to provide the best solution for a problem or the best method of practice available. Research can certainly be seen as a process of trial and error, it is often undertaken by specialised practitioners in their areas of practice. It is a long, rigorous process of consistently gathering information to analyse. It is frequently gathered through the use of structured questions and through in-depth observations of people and their actions and reactions to certain stimulants. Research is seen to be the most difficult obstacle to overcome in order to achieve a renowned professional status and to provide a high standard of patient care.
Biology, is quite the expansive field in the world of science. The term itself has its roots in Greek with “bios” meaning life and “logos” meaning study. The term itself refers to the study of all walks of life that occur in nature. It covers all of the grandeur of life from the various structures of cells and the materials that comprise living creatures to the make up of primeval cells of the past. It encompasses the vast strata of the life from the infinitesimally small cells to the the gargantuan blue whales and other leviathans of the world. Underneath the umbrella of biology are a bevy of unique disciplines such as: physiology, genetics, ecology, and morphology.
Basic research is mainly concerned with generalizations and the formulation of theory. It is driven by curiosity or interest in a subject. The main motivation is to expand man’s knowledge, not to create or invent something. Many scientists believe that basic research