Chitosan is a cationic copolymer of glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine (Mourya, Inamdar,&Tiwari, 2010).Due toits non-toxicity, biodegradability, biocompatibility, bioadhesivity, antimicrobial activity and physicochemical and biological properties, chitosan can be applied in a variety of fields. However, the poor solubility in water and most common organic solvents limits its applications (Dash, Chiellini, Ottenbrite, &Chiellini, 2011).According to the literature (Du & Hsieh, 2008; Mourya, Inamdar, &Tiwari, 2010; Rinaudo, 2006) carboxymethylation is one of the chemical modification methods that increase the water solubility of chitosan. The carboxymethylation of chitosan enhances moisture retention and adsorption properties, chelating and sorption properties, antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity, apoptosis inhibitory activity, etc.Among the applications of CM-chitosan, sustained or controlled release drug delivery, pH responsive drug delivery and DNA delivery as permeation enhancer (Mourya, Inamdar, &Tiwari, 2010) are important. Literature(Chen et al. 2004; Yu et al., 2006) showed that the location of substitution or type of CM-chitosan(N-, O-, N,O-, N,N-) in Scheme 1 and DS depend on the parent chitosan, reaction conditions and reaction reagents and their stoichiometry. Numerous works (Abreu &Campana-Filho, 2009; An, Dung, Thien, Dong, &Nhi, 2008; Anitha et al., 2009; Ge&Luo, 2005; Hjerde, Varum, Grasdalen, Tokura, &Smidsrod, 1997; Kittur, Harish Prashanth, UdayaSankar, &Tharanathan, 2002; Mourya, Inamdar, &Tiwari, 2010; Muzzarelli, Tanfani, &Emanuelli, 1984; Rinaudo, Dung, Gey, &Milas, 1992; Xu, Xin, Li, Huang, & Zhou, 2010) have been carried out on CM-chitosan. Du &Hsieh(2008) showed that longer alkalization and ca... ... middle of paper ... ... spacing) of CM-chitosan was different from chitosan. According to Fig.5, X-ray diffractograms, ordered arrangement of CM-chitosan was decreased with increase of DS. Therefore the crystallinityof CM-chitosan decreased with increaseof DS. 4. Conclusion CM-chitosan with different DS (53.4%, 62.0% and 72.5%) were synthesized by the reaction of chitosan with monochloroacetic acid. The structure was confirmed by FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. According to TGA data, the onset of degradation occurred ~ 251.5 °C, 189.9 °C, 169.5 °C and 166 °C for native chitosan, DS 53.4% CM-chitosan, DS 62.0% CM-chitosan and DS 72.5% CM-chitosan, respectively. Therefore, thethermal stability of CM-chitosan decreased with increase of DS. The CM-chitosan had a different crystallinity compared to that of chitosan. Also less ordered arrangement was resulted with increase of DS of CM-chitosan.
The complete experimental procedure is available in the General Chemistry Laboratory Manual for CSU Bakersfield, CHEM 213, pages 20-22, 24-25. Experimental data are recorded on the attached data pages.
Thermal methods of analysis have been in use for quite a long time. Their application in the analysis of pharmaceutical materials has made it possible for pharmacists and researchers to understand their contents and characteristics. However, thermal methods have several disadvantages that have led researchers to opt for nano-thermal methods of analysis. Nano-thermal analysis methods use special resolution imaging potential that is enhanced by the availability of atomic force microscopy and thermal analysis methods.
Also, looking at Table 1, the percent yield is shown to be 44.9%. The percent yield is how much product was recovered after the reaction was carried out. The percent yield can be used to explain why the melting point observed in the experiment didn’t match the known melting point. Obtained melting points are generally lower than the literature value melting points of a substance due to the number of impurities present in the obtained product. The percent yield of 44.9% validates that the product could have had some impurities present, and thus the lower melting point.
Antimicrobial encapsulated into polymeric nanoparticles is a suggested novel drug delivery system to treat CRS. Nanoparticles are categorized into nanospheres (matrix-like structure) and nanocapsules (vesicular systems). Nanospheres are a type of nanoparticles that allows drug encapsulation surrounded by a polymer matrix (Pinto Reis C. et al., 2006). Literature suggests Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) is an attractive polymer to coat the nanospheres due to their biodegradable and biocompatible properties (Makadia HK. & Siegel SJ., 2011). The nanoprecipitation solvent-diffusion method was chosen for encapsulation of the poorly water-soluble drug MUP. Initially, an oil-in-water emulsion is formed. PLGA and MUP in a 1:1...
We thank the University of Oklahoma and the chemistry faculty for providing the space, instructions, and equipment for the development of this report and experiment.
Starch, cellulose, glycogen, and chitin are all examples of polysaccharides. According to the BIO 1510 Lab Manual (2016) polysaccharides are not very soluble in water but can be made to go into solution through heating or agitation. Polysaccharides are excellent energy storage molecules because they are easily built and broken down by enzymes. Forming fairly compact structures, polysaccharides allow energy storage without the space required by a pool of free glucose monomers. Other polysaccharides form strong fibers that provide protection and structural support in both plants and animals. (Carbohydrates.” Home,
In this case study, our concern goes for the chitosan nanoparticles; firstly nanoparticles are able to adsorb and/or encapsulate a drug, thus protecting it against chemical and enzymatic degradation. Furthermore the encapsulated drug may be prevented from crystallization, thus forming a solid solution. Depending on drug solubility in the carrier, a drug load varying from only a few percent up to 50%] Secondly, chitosan is ...
Due to its unique properties and nutritional role, usage of starch in many food applications is currently increasing. It is widely used as a thickener agent, colloidal agent, colloidal stabilizer, bulking agent and water retention agent(Singh, Kaur, & McCarthy, 2007).Sensory qualities and suitability of specific end products depends upon the
Svec and Frechet (1992) developed continuous methacrylate rods from glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and ethylene dimethacrylate (EDMA) as monomer and crosslinker. These two discoveries had a great impact, as they prov...
For the sample calculations, let’s use the marshmallow as an example. Its initial mass was 0.66 grams and its final mass was 0.36 grams. To calculate the amount burned, subtract 0.36 from 0.66 to get 0.30 grams. (Mass burned = mi- mf). To find the marshmallow’s change in temperature, use the formula (ΔT =
4A.2.9.2. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC): DSC analysis measures the heat loss or heat gain resulting from physical or chemical changes within a sample as a function of temperature. DSC analysis was carried out to study the polymorphic transitions exhibited bythe SLN formulation. It was carried out for pure drug, bulk lipids L2 and L3 and the two lyophilized formulations. Thermal behavior of the developed formulation was studied using a differential scanning calorimeter (Universal TA Model Q 200). About 5mg of sample was placed in 50µL
Mixed melting point was used to confirm the identity of the product. The smaller the range, the more pure the substance. When the two substances are mixed; the melting point should be the same melting range as the as the melting range obtained after filtering. If the mixed melting point is lower one taken from the crystals, then the two substances are different.
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