The involvement of the International Brigades in the Spanish Civil War
On the 18 July 1936, leading Generals of the Spanish Army led a revolt against the democratically elected Popular Front government of Spain. Within days the country was plunged into civil war with the Republicans fighting the insurgent Nationalists for control of the country. The various democracies of the world turned their backs on Spain's plight and even hindered the Republicans by supporting non-intervention in the conflict. However, many people came to help the Republic. Las Brigades Internacionales, the International Brigades, would eventually include almost 40,000 men and women from 53 different countries, from all around the world.
The International Brigades began as an idea in July and August of 1936, but soon its formation became the main work of the Comintern (the body with the responsibility of fostering the world-wide spread of Communism). Each Communist party was instructed to raise volunteers who would be sent to Spain by train or boat. Around 60% of the volunteers were Communists, but non-Communists were also welcomed. The first group of recruits came to Spain by train from Paris, and arrived at their base in Albacete, halfway between Madrid and Valencia, on the 14th of October.
It was there that the 500 French, German and Polish recruits began training. The theme of the recruitment propaganda was based on the slogan that Spain should be "The grave of European Fascism", and with this in mind volunteers continued to flow into Spain from France. One of the organisers of recruits in Paris was the future Marshal Tito - Joseph Broz. In Albacete the volunteers were organised into language groups and the base was put under the command of Andre Marty. The Brigades were to be led by General Emilio Kleber and intensive training was to take place in the base before going to the front.
The International Brigades baptism of fire came on the 8th of November 1936, when the XIth and XIIth Brigades went to the Madrid front. They numbered about 3,500 men altogether, and were extremely important to the defence of Madrid. The fighting in Madrid eventually reached stalemate and the Brigades were transferred to other fronts. The XI, XIII and XV Brigades fought at the Brunete offensive of July 1937, where losses were very high, and where Oliver Law, the Afro- American commander of the Lincoln Battalion was killed. The Brigades also played a major part in the Aragon offensive of August 1937, and were formally incorporated into the Republican Army around this time.
Made famous by Theodore Roosevelt’s volunteer Rough Rider’s and the Buffalo Soldiers, the Battle of San Juan Hill (July 1, 1898), also known as The Battle of San Juan Heights, was the bloodiest battle of the Spanish American War. After landing on the beachhead, the US V Corps under the command of Major General William Shafter fought their way west toward the port town of Santiago. After an indecisive clash at Las Guasimas on June 24, Shafter readied his men to take the strategic heights around the city, while Cuban insurgents blocked any Spanish reinforcements arriving on the roads to the north, in what would be one of the most decisive battles of America’s “Splendid Little War.” 1
In the latter half of the nineteenth century, tensions in Cuba were rapidly rising. The Cuban Ten Year’s War from 1868 to 1878 had sparked a fire for independence from Spain with the natives. In 1892, José Julián Martí y Pérez formed El Partido Revolucionario Cubano, or the Cuban Revolutionary party. The Cuban independence movement known as Ejército Libertador de Cuba began in February of 1895 with the motto, “Independencio o Muerte” (Independence or Death). Multiple minor battles between Cuba and Spain took place that year. (Library of Congress)
In conclusion as shown in the two cases discussed, consent is one of, if not the most important consideration in nursing practice. Patients have an ethical and more importantly, legal right to the choice of the care they receive. As practitioners we have the duty to ensure we are fully aware and work in line with the principles of consent to ensure best practice.
With the Southern Ohio Fair Association taking over the fairgrounds in 1874, the grounds were divided up into nine departments: Horses, Cattle, Sheep, Agricultural, Mechanics, Textile, Farm, Speed, and Grounds. When hearing this information, one would look at the fairgrounds present day and be a little confused. Back in the 1800’s the way to have fun was to race, sell, and buy horses. “The Southern Ohio Fair Association built the Exhibition Hall and a Machinery Hall. The track was enlarged and other improvements were made” (Drury 808). The Exhibition Hall became the focal point of the fairgrounds, and still is today.
The Rough Riders were formed in 1898 under Theodore Roosevelt’s command. Gathering men from Southwest states like Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas was the first challenge for Roosevelt, or so he thought. The overwhelming amount of volunteers meant the allowed limit for number of men was swiftly met. Roosevelt would later state, "The difficulty in organizing was not in selecting, but in rejecting men." The Cavalry unit was full of men from diverse backgrounds and classes. Roosevelt had personally chosen men whom had previous experience in fighting Indians or fought in the Civil War to be the high ranking officials in the Rough Riders. Roosevelt, having been Assistant Secretary of the Navy, had been able to politically influence his unit as a regular unit of the U.S Army. This would ensure they were well equipped and cared for. They would soon be heading to Cuba to fight against Spain.
According to Medical Dictionary (2003) ‘consent’ is an ‘act of reason’, voluntary agreement to proposed treatment made by a mentally capable person upon receiving relevant information. Patients’ consent is closely associated with individuals’ liberty, person’s autonomy and the right to decide about themselves and their body with assumption of taking full responsibility for decision and its consequences (Frith and Draper, 2004).
THESIS : “ The United States didn’t want to get involved in the Spanish-American War, but was dragged into it due to yellow journalism, they wanted to control the seas, and wanted complete control over Cuba.”
There are both examples of miracles in real life as well as miracles in the bible. One example of a miracle from the bible would be when Jesus walks on water. The story of when Jesus walks on water which was when Jesus sent the disciples by ship to the other side of the Sea of Galilee while he stayed behind to pray. Once it became nighttime the ship got caught in a storm in the sea and in the darkness and the disciples saw Jesus walking on the sea. They thought they were seeing a spirit but Jesus told them not to be afraid, so they were no longer afraid. Once Jesus went on the ship he calmed the storm and the ship went to shore. The miracle of this story from the bible is the fact that Jesus walked on water, which cannot be done in everyday life. Natural or scientific laws can’t describe this event that took place because it is not possible for people to walk on water, which makes Jesus walking on water to be called a miracle. Christian’s believe that this event was a miracle that shows the importance of faith and the control that Jesus has over nature.
The Conquest of New Spain Cortés came not to the New World to conquer by force, but by manipulation. Bernal Daz del Castillo, in the "Conquest of New Spain," describes how Cortés and his soldiers manipulated the Aztec people and their king Montezuma from the time they traveled from Iztapalaopa to the time when Montezuma took Cortés to the top of the great Cue and showed him the whole of Mexico and its countryside, and the three causeways which led into Mexico. Castillo's purpose for recording the mission was to keep an account of the wealth of Montezuma and Mexico, the traditions, and the economic potential that could benefit Cortés' upcoming conquest. However, through these recordings, we are able to see and understand Cortés' strategy in making Mexico "New Spain." He came as a wolf in sheep's clothing and manipulated Montezuma through his apparent innocence.
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), falling under the umbrella term of Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD), is defined by the International Classification of Diseases, volume 10 (ICD-10) as a disorder first diagnosed in childhood by the clinical manifestation of marked impairment in communication and social interaction, and repetitive or stereotyped behaviors (“Pervasive developmental disorders,” 2010). This definition aligns with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-V), currently used in the United States (American Psychological Association, 2013).
Autism is a form of neurodevelopment disorder in the autism spectrum disorders. It is characterized by impaired development in social interactions and communication, both verbal and non-verbal. There is an observed lack of spontaneous acts of communication; both receptive and expressed, as well as speech impairments. A person diagnosed with Autism will also show a limited range of activities and interests, as well as forming and maintain peer relationships. The individuals will display limited interests, which are often very focused and repetitive. He or she is likely to be very routine oriented and may show behavioral symptoms such as hyperactivity, impulsivity, aggressiveness, and self-injurious behaviors.
For consent to be valid an individual must consent to the procedure freely and voluntarily, hence consent should not be forced or obtained by assault or battery. When consent is given it must be specifically related to the procedure, this consent should not be manipulated and falsely described to a patient ability to make an informed decision refers to a person who has the legal capacity (NSW Health, 2014). Therefore the individual must have the capability to retain information that is given to them; for example the person must process the information, believe it and balance the risks and benefits of undergoing the procedure (NSW Health, 2014). Additionally, voluntary decision-makings give a right to the patient to refuse a procedure at anytime. Consequently, healthcare care staff are required to respect the patient’s desires, despite the fact that not taking action may lead to death or serious harm (NSW Health, 2014).
... event arises and it was due to lack of assessment of genuine comprehension. I think the best system of obtain consent would incorporate a regulated system that accommodated each institution and their requirements, but also equally weighed the importance of true understanding of facts and realization of the patient’s capacity to make decisions. But even if this was established as standard practice, there would still be the issue of how the assessment is made and how accurate it is due to other influences i.e. current injury status or medications needed for full psychological and or conceptual functioning. There could also be an issue of how to regulate such a subjective issue; each physician is going to have different ethical views and this will inevitably influence how he/she assess the patient and their ability to make the best decisions concerning their health.
Pascal originally proposed his idea in the Pensées, a collection of fragments of his work, primarily written to defend the Christian religion. Although Pascal clearly supports the existence of a supreme being, he is relatively unimpressed by attempted justifications of a God at the time, and he concedes that “we are then incapable of knowing either what He is or if He is” (Pascal 233). Instead, he formulates different arguments, which can be framed as the following:
There is a significant difference between the miracles of the Old Testament and those of the New Testament. In the early Old Testament, miracles wer...