The Relationship between the pH and Biotic Index of a Stream
Aim:
An investigation to find out the water quality in a stream at three
different sites and see whether pH affects the biotic index.
Hypothesis:
I predict that the stream will be most polluted at the third site
which is lowest down the stream, and the stream will be cleanest at
the beginning. I think this because at the end of the stream, more
pollution has been able to enter into the stream, and at the beginning
of the stream, less pollution has entered into the stream. Different
forms of pollution which may enter into the stream include fertilizers
seeping in through the soil, air pollution from the surroundings and
also from human impact through washing detergent and excretion. Due to
all these pollutions entering the stream, I predict that the pH level
of the water high up in the stream will be less acidic than lower down
than in the stream.
Variables:
* Independent
* Sites
* Dependent
* Water Quality
* Controlled
* Number of species to collect
* Errors & Uncertainties
* Changes in weather
* Water speed
* Water temperature
Apparatus:
* Universal Indicator Paper
* Biotic Index Chart
* Large net
* Water basin
* Magnifying glass
* pH chart
Method:
1. Select three different sites to collect data from
2. Using the net, create a whirlpool in the stream so that organisms
come up above the sand
3. Sweep the net around in one direction, upstream to collect
organisms
4. Keeping the net still in the water but the top of it out of the
4. If the water was tested again at each fountain, might the results be different? Explain your answer.
For Appalachia people, in that time period, it was good to have livestock of any kind, they needed a calf to grow up into a cow so they would have milk for the human baby to feed. One of the most important needs of having a cow in that time period was to have sustenance for family/baby. As we saw in the novel River of Earth, the cow would’ve been very significant since it would have been the main source of nutrition for the family and more essentially for the baby, as mother said “if we had us a cow her udder would be tick-tight…. It would be a sight the milk and butter we’d get” (Still’s 50). Alpha (mother) was saying that because the baby wouldn’t go hungry and would have nutrition if they had a milk. There was not that much of a conversation about the cow, in general, over the novel. How Baldridge’s family went from not having a calf, that would have become a cow, then having a calf, and
Water that has changed throughout the hydrologic process travels from the irrigation treatment and enters into the aquifers. First...
To do a front dive a diver pushes his hips upward just slightly as he leaves the board. After he had begun to go up into the air, he throws his arms downward just enough to make is upper torso rotate around his hips. At the peak of the dive, the diver tightens his stomach muscles and pulls his legs up towards the sky, leaving his body in a perfect upside-down position to enter the water head-first.
2. Fish in moving water. Fish face into the current, so cast in front of them so that they see your bait.
From looking at the results I can conclude that when the pH was 3 and
have a net covering the area at the back of the goal between the posts
Compared to the 0.5 M hydrochloric acid that was less concentrated, the more concentrated 2 M hydrochloric acid c...
Corrosion-This is the chemical weathering of minerals in rocks in contact with the river water. The minerals in the rocks are slowly dissolved, eventually causes them to break apart. This process is most effective where there is fast flowing water and the river is not already saturated with minerals again this will therefore be more effective in the upper course.
This is likely to occur where river velocity is high in upland areas. Corrosion or erosion by solution This is when acids in the water dissolve soft rocks such as limestone. Hydraulic action
However, when the pH levels reach a certain stage, the iron can then precipitate out, coating sediments with the characteristic yellow, red or orange colourings (D.E.P. 2, 2002; U.S.G.S. ; U.S.E.P.A., 2002). The rate that A.M.D. advances is also influenced by the presence of certain bacteria (Doyle; U.S.G.S). A.M.D. that has dissolved heavy metals such as copper, lead and mercury can contaminate ground and surface water.
As more NaOH is added, the pH will become more basic as H2C2O4 .2H2O has been completely neutralized and now an excess of OH- ions are present in the solution.12
against the water and to move the hull higher. The force of the water against
lines, rope, and plastic nets are being caught in the rutter and the engine, but
If there is not enough oxygen in the water, it may lead to the death of many organisms, reduction in their growth or even failure to survive. The pH is a measure of how acidic or alkaline the water. It is defined as the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration. According to Fondriest Environmental Inc, a well-known Fundamental Environmental organization, the pH scale goes from 0 to 14. As the scale of pH decreases, water becomes more acidic. Many chemical reactions inside aquatic organisms are necessary for survival and growth of organisms. At the extreme ends of the pH scale, (2 or 13) physical damage to gills, exoskeleton, fins, occurs. Changes in pH may alter the concentrations of other substances in water to a more toxic form. Examples: a decrease in pH (below 6) may increase the amount of mercury soluble in water. An increase in pH (above 8.5) enhances the conversion of nontoxic ammonia (ammonium ion) to a toxic form of ammonia (un-ionized ammonia). (Fondriest,