When living in an area with colder climates, icy roads can become a large and prominent issue. In 2009 in the United States alone, 477 people were killed in ice-related motor accidents (Icy Road Fatality Statistics, icyroadsafety.com). To battle the danger of driving in these conditions, the solution of de-icing the roadways with salt has become a widespread method for preventing accidents. This is because salt is used to melt the ice and snow and keep it from refreezing. The salt works by decreasing the melting or freezing point of the liquid. The result is called 'freezing point depression'. This method has both advantages and limitations, and though using salt to de-ice the roads saves many lives each year, it has considerable drawbacks. When salt (NaCl) is combined with water (H2O), an external compound is dissolved and introduced to the solution. The freezing point of H2O becomes lower as more particles are added until the point where the salt can no longer dissolve. For a solution of table salt (sodium chloride, NaCl) in water, this temperature is -23°C with precise laboratory situations. In real conditions, on a pavement or road, sodium chloride can only melt ice down to approximately -14°C, though this is still effective when combatting the ice. Freezing point depression is a colligative property of H2O. Colligative properties are properties of solutions that depend on the number of particles in a given volume of solvent and not on the mass of the particles. All dissolved particles among liquid solvents display colligative properties. Using salt to de-ice roads has its merits, and from an economical standpoint, the treatment of salt to clear paths is seemingly a wise decision. Compared to other de-icing chemicals and metho... ... middle of paper ... ...il, flora and organisms. Since the salt attracts various creatures and increases the likelihood of vehicular accidents related to wild animals, it seems quite contrary in function. Salt helps prevent ice-associated accidents, but is directly responsible for incidents involving animals. The only true positives seem to be aspects under economical and social terms, as in theory, using salt saves communities money and saves lives. The issues it causes though, socially, environmentally and ethically to the world around us, are staggering, and in my opinion, we could easily substitute salt for a different, less detrimental option. I would suggest the investment of EcoTraction, a traction product that is environmentally safe, derived of all natural substances and compounds, it is non-toxic and safe for animals to ingest, and do not harm infrastructure or water supplies.
To start of we all know that driving in Winter all drivers experience low visibility which causes all drivers to take it slower than usual. Before thinking about driving in Winter, you need to make sure you know how to handle snowy and icy roads before getting behind the wheel. All it takes is the smallest patch of ice or snow to cause you to skid of the road, which could cause life threatning injuries
Pollution is especially bad during the winter months in Utah. After a snow storm, a thick layer of fog and dirty air builds up. Snow is then left on the valley floors of Salt Lake City and then the warm high pressure will trap the cold air, which creates an effect of putting a lid on a bowl. This thick layer of smoggy air keeps the dirty air from our emissions and keeps the pollutants from escaping (Frosch,2013).
Salt: A World History begins with a simple introduction, which explains what content will be included in the book. Topics range from salt in the past,—Greece, Rome, Egypt, France, Germany, Poland, and Israel—to recipes and instructions on making certain foods, and to the etymology of words such as salary and salami: both which are stems of the word ‘salt.’
The term snow is usually restricted to material that fall during precipitation in the form of small white ice crystals formed directly from the water vapour of the air at a temperature of less than 0°C and has not changed much since it fell. A fall of snow on a glacier surface is the first step in the formation of glacier ice, a process that is often long and complex (Cuffey and Paterson, 2010). The transformation of snow to ice occurs in the top layers of the glaciers and the time of the transformation depends mostly on the temperature. Snow develops into ice much more rapidly on Temperate glaciers, where periods of melting alternate with periods when wet snow refreezes, than in Polar glaciers, where the temperature remains well below the freezing point throughout the year. The density of new snow as it falls on glacier surface depends mostly on the weather conditions. In clam conditions, the density of new snow is ρs ≈ 50 – 70 kg m-3 (Table 1.1). If it is windy, there is breaking of the corners of snowflakes, and the density is more like ρs ≈ 100 kg m-3. After the snow has fallen on the surface, there are three processes that are all active together and work to transform the snow to ice.
Grisales, C. (2014, January 23). De-icing Liquid Not Confirmed as Cause of Wrecks, TxDOT Official Says. Retrieved January 25, 2014, from Statesman.com: www.statesman.com
Some say that the only reason glaciers are melting is because of low evaporation and not hot temperatures. That is one of the reasons , but the other is because there is some mu...
Solid A was identified to be sodium chloride, solid B was identified to be sucrose, and Solid C was identified to be corn starch. Within the Information Chart – Mystery White Solid Lab there are results that distinguishes itself from the other 4 experimental results within each test. Such as: the high conductivity and high melting point of sodium chloride, and the iodine reaction of corn starch. Solid A is an ionic compound due to its high melting point and high electrical conductivity (7), within the Information Chart – Mystery White Solid Lab there is only one ionic compound which is sodium chloride, with the test results of Solid A, it can be concluded that is a sodium chloride. Solid B was identified as sucrose due to its low electrical
Pressure on the ice reduces the melting point. If pressure is afterward reduced, water will freeze again. This is called regelation. When a player skates across the ice, he or she applies a lot of pressure, leaving a trail of water where the blades were. Because the pressure leaves quickly, the water freezes to ice again (Haché 22). Nevertheless, pressure is not the only factor that causes this melting. Friction also takes part because it creates heat. With help...
First, the freezing point depression of magnesium chloride was found. To begin, an ice bath was created in a 600 mL beaker filled with ice provided in the laboratory and rock salt. Next, Four different solutions with concentrations of 0.0 g (control), 0.2 g, 0.4 g, and 0.6g of magnesium chloride and 15 mL of deionized water were created. Each solution was made in a 100 mL beaker. The solutions containing magnesium chloride were stirred with a glass rod until the salt was completely dissolved. All equipment was cleaned with deionized water to minimize cross contamination. To calculate the freezing point, a Vernier temperature probe provided in the laboratory was used. The temperature probe was plugged into the GoLink!
Ice structuring protein does not affect the quality of ice present at any given temperature but influences the size and shape of the ice crystals formed; crystals produced being rod shaped rather than usual round ones. Manufacture of ice cream and edible ices has the product mix entering the freezer at 5°C and extruded at nearly -6°C where approximately 60% of the final ice structure formed. Clarke et al., 2004 studied the ice crystal size distribution in ice cream as affected by ice structuring protein of winter wheat grass, before and after temperature abuse (cycling between -10°C and -20°C e...
with mud. The next day the white snow melts and only the mud is still there. This
Introduction: A phase change is a result from the kinetic energy (heat) either decreasing or increasing to change the state of matter (i.e. water, liquid, or gas.) Thus saying, freezing is the phase change from a liquid to a solid which results from less kinetic energy/heat. Also, melting is the phase change from a solid to a liquid which results from adding kinetic energy/heat. So, the freezing and melting point of something is the temperature at which these phase changes occur. Therefore, a phase change will occur when a vial of 10 mL of water is placed into a cup of crushed ice mixed with four spoonfuls with 5 mL of sodium chloride for 30 minutes. If 10 mL of water is placed in an ice bath, it will then freeze at 5 degrees Celsius because the kinetic energy will leave quicker with the ice involved. The purpose of this lab is to observe what temperature the water must be to undergo a phase change.
If you’ve ever seen the Austin Powers movie I’m sure you remember the part where they cryogenically freeze Austin and then thirty years later thaw him out to save the world. While we all know Austin Powers isn’t real, I’m sure you wondered if this freezing could be done in real life. Today we will look at what exactly cryonics is, what businesses claim to provide it, the procedure and its risks.
During my under graduation I have learnt only about basics of pavement materials and different layers of pavements. It was only after studying graduate courses I realized how limited my knowledge was and I need to work very hard and explore more in this vast field. During first year of my graduate study I have studied Pavements Materials, Pavement Design and Evaluation, Highway Construction Practices and these graduate courses opened a new paradigm for me to the way I looked at pavement engineering. This prompted me to look at it as a field full of challenges which make it even more dynamic and op...