1) How does Radiation affect communication between the spacecraft and mission control?
To answer this question we must first ask what space radiation is. Space radiation is energy that flows through space. This flow of energy can be in the form of waves such as light from the sun or in the form of particles such as electrons, protons and elements in the Periodic table. A form of electromagnetic energy includes sunlight and has a high amount of radiation which is produced by a sun. Electromagnetic radiation includes gamma rays, x-rays, ultraviolet radiation, visible light, infrared radiation (or heat), microwaves and radio waves. Since the USS NOSSTROMO is taking off from earth, radiation belts also have to be put into consideration. Earth is surrounded by a magnetic field. The magnetic filed is like the filed you see around a bar magnet when you use iron fillings to make it stand out better. Earths magnetic field protects us from space radiation such as solar flares from the sun and galactic cosmic rays by deflecting many of the particles before they reach us. This field also traps charged particles within it like an invisible magnetic prison. The trapped particles form a donut shaped cloud with the earth at the centre. This is because the particles are so numerous and they stretch thousands of miles above the Earths surface at the equator. Scientist call these radiation belts "van Allen Radiation Belts" as they were discovered by Dr. James van Allen using one of the first satellites launched by NASA in 1958. The radiation in the these belts mainly consist of electrons and protons. Radiation affects the interior of satellites which inturn affects satellite communications in space. Because titan is 1,666,681,075 km....
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...include a high amount of power usage. Analog technology is cheap and easy to create and come by. Because this information is being sent through space, the distance between Earth or the way station needs to be brought into account. An analogue signal travels as fast as its conductor. This is called electromagnetic interference or EMI or Radio Frequency interference. Electromagnetic interference is a disturbance that affects an electrical circuit due to either electromagnetic induction or electromagnetic radiation emitted from an external source. This disturbance will affect the spacecraft and even the rover or mobile base. This could then create problems on the field and in the spacecraft. The ship could go out of control and tumble through space forever or the ship, rover or mobile base may stop working completely and the team would be stranded on titan or space.
wireless communication got a lot of attention when a message was transmitted that allowed for
This paper talks about the gamma-ray explosions that occur in the universe and its effect if it were to occur close to the earth’s surface. The most energetic explosions to be recorded in the universe are the gamma ray bursts. Gamma ray bursts forms a representation of the events that occur in the cosmos due to its large luminosity that has been detected to approximately z-8.3. This has offered an exciting experience in the study and research of the astrophysics in its extreme condition. The paper focuses on the study revolving around the long gamma ray burst and also the galaxies that form their hosts. The long gamma ray burst have long duration that is more than few seconds and the hypothesis supporting its development states that it develops from the massive stars death. The paper also tries to understand the effect of the gamma ray bursts and how they are related to the redshift distributions in the universe. It tries to analyses the different types of wavelengths that gamma ray burst generates after the collision or merging of bodies in the universe. It explains how recent development in technology has brought man closer in studying gamma ray burst in depth and because of the abilities of the technology, man can understand the different wavelengths generated. Finally, the paper talks of the possibility of gamma ray burst happening closer to the earth’s atmosphere as it happened millions of years back. It tries to look into the impact on the ecosystem and the survival of animals if such a phenomena occurring was to repeat itself closer to the planet earth’s environment.
Radio systems must have transmitter to modulate some property of the energy produced to impress a signal on it. To using amplitude modulation or angle modulation ,which can be frequency modulation or phase modulation. Radio systems have antenna to convert
The Kuiper Belt is an icy-bodied disc shapes area of the Solar System. Kuiper Belt has a circular shape, to be exact, it is a curved plane. It is over 4.5 to 7.4 billion kilometers from Sun. This is roughly 30 to 50 times the distance of Earth from Sun. The Kuiper Belt has been said to resemble the Asteroid Belt that lies between Mars and Jupiter. The difference between the Kuiper Belt and the Asteroid Belt is that the bodies are icier due to their distance from the Sun. The Kuiper Belt objects includes Pluto and other comets that orbit beyond Neptune. Most Kuiper Belt objects are made up of frozen volatiles such as methane, water and ammonia. In 1950 astronomer Gerald Kuiper predicted the existence of the Kuiper Belt and the find was named
But actually, for the astronaut’s entire trip to the depths of space from Moon and back, the astronauts really only obtained a dose equal to about one-tenth of one per cent of the radiation needed for a dose that could kill a human being. The explanation is that the harmful effects from radiation are equivalent to the strength of the radiation and the time that it is exposed. A human would need to spend almost four months touching the Van Allen belts to receive a dose to kill somebody. The astronauts passed through them in only one single hour. As for their time spent beyond the Earth's magnetic field, where the astronauts could be exposed to cosmic radiation, an astronaut could make a one-way trip to Mars and not receive a dose that exceeds NASA's lifetime limits and that also do not come close to a lethal
After the United States developed the atomic at the end of World War II, interest in nuclear technology increased exponentially. People soon realized that nuclear technology could be used for electricity, as another alternative to fossil fuels. Today, nuclear power has its place in the world, but there is still a lot of controversy over the use of nuclear energy. Things such as the containment of radiation and few nuclear power plant accidents have given nuclear power a bad image. However, nuclear power is a reliable source of energy because it has no carbon emissions, energy is available at any time, little fuel is needed for a lot of energy, and as time goes on, it is becoming safer and safer.
Radiation is the emission of electromagnetic energy that is given off in the form of high speed particles that cause ionization. During ionization radiation hits and knocks electrons from an atom creating charged ions. Due to the electron being stripped away from the atom this break the chemical bond. Living tissue within the human body is damaged and attempts to repair it but sometimes the damage is beyond repair.
The Army Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear Survey Teams find out information on an enemy target in order to defend the country against the threat of CBRN weapons and Weapons of Mass Destruction. The Army has drastically evolved in terms of the Chemical Corp. Today there are multiple units around the world that operate in Survey Teams. The two most popular units in the Chemical Corp are Technical Escort Units and Chemical Reconnaissance Detachments. There is much confusion about what the operations of these two units entail. This research paper will describe what they do as well as discuss the similarities and differences between the two.
Apart of becoming a new patient at a dental office is taking an x-ray and some may have question along with taking an x-ray, like “will I be affected by the x-ray?” or “will I get cancer?”, “how long will it take” “are x-ray’s safe?”, the list goes on and on. So in this paper we will talk about different types of radiation affects such as affects on children and pregnant women as well as some things that may help reduce some of the radiation that may harm the human body.
Analog communication employs continuous transmission of an electromagnetic wave form that varies in frequency and amplitude.
When a solar flare occurs, vast amount of magnetic energy get released and turned into electromagnetic radiation. (NASA 2015) Traveling at light-speed, the resulting radiation containing X-ray, extreme ultraviolet rays, gamma rays and radio waves would arrive at Earth after only 8 minutes. The x-rays may interact with the atoms in the ionosphere of Earth and cause a sudden increase in ionization, which could interfere radar and shortwave radio communication. The ultraviolet rays can heat the upper atmosphere, causing the atmosphere shell to expand, which may drag low orbiting satellites and spacecraft, leading to unexpected orbital changes (Marusek 2007). For instance, the premature demise of the Solar Maximum Mission in 1990 and Skylab in 1979 are due to this phenomenon (Odenwald
Radiation is one of the most dangerous and easiest way of having health effects. Radiation was first discovered by Roentgen. Hazards are the first things people need to know in order to understand what it can do to your body. It causes many health effects on everyone out in the world. It harms people in the dentistry and field and even in the medical field. Normal people out the world can also be exposed when coming into one of these offices and getting x-rays of some type.
technologies such as Bluetooth and ZigBee which are used to carry the information from perception devices to a nearby gateway based on the capabilities of the communicating parties. Internet technologies such as WiFi, 2G, 3G, and 4G carry the information over long distances based on the application. Since applications aim to create smart homes, smart cities, power system monitoring etc.
One of the biggest issues raised on sending humans to Mars, is the amount of radiation they would be exposed to by traveling through space. Most space agencies set lifetime amounts of radiation astronauts can be exposed to; the general limit is one sievert (Gelling, 2013). A way to minimize the threat of radiation exposure, is having proper shielding for those traversing inside the spacecraft. A lesson from the Curiosity Mars mission, is that having adequate
One of the greatest events of twentieth century was the use of radioisotope as a source of energy and as medical and industrial tools. Using radioactivity has been a global issue owing to its very nature. When it is used for peaceful purposes, it is a triumph of science because it can solve energy problems in the form of nuclear energy but the side effects in the form of harmful radiation and harmful radioactive waste is the real limitations of science. This essay will attempt to analyze the application of science in the use of radioactivity and radioactive isotopes and how science is not so effective in dealing with the side effects.