Synchronous and Asynchronous mode:
In telecommunication signaling within a network or between networks, synchronous signals are those that occur at the same clock rate when all clocks are based on a single reference clock. Synchronous communication requires that each end of an exchange of communication respond in turn without initiating a new communication.
An asynchronous signal is one that is transmitted at a different clock rate than another signal. Asynchronous operation also means that a process operates independently of other processes, whereas synchronous operation means that the process runs only as a result of some other process being completed or handing off operation.
Analog and Digital:
Analog communication employs continuous transmission of an electromagnetic wave form that varies in frequency and amplitude.
A digital communication system uses discontinuous transmission that may vary in frequency, amplitude and/or phase to represent binary data.
Simplex and Duplex:
A communications network can provide many types of service. The most basic type of service is known as simplex. This service provides one-way communication. Examples of this type of service are TV distribution, and the transmission of burglar alarm messages.
Most networks transfer data in two directions and are known as duplex communications links. Duplex links are classified as either full duplex or half duplex (also known as two ways alternate), depending upon whether both local and remote nodes may simultaneously transmit, or whether one must wait for the other to finish before starting transmission.
Serial and Parallel Transmission:
In telecommunication, serial transmission is the sequential transmission of the signal elements of a group representing a character or other entity of data. The characters are transmitted in a sequence over a single line, rather than simultaneously over two or more lines, as in parallel transmission. The sequential elements may be transmitted with or without interruption.
A parallel link transmits several streams of data (representing particular bits of a stream of bytes) along multiple channels (wires, printed circuit tracks, optical fibres, etc.).
Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP)and Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP):
SLIP and PPP are two communication protocols which allow a computer connected to a server via a serial line (such as a modem) to become an actual node on the internet. This allows you to run network applications on your home computer directly. While SLIP and PPP are largely similar, there are some key differences. PPP is a newer protocol, better designed, and more acceptable to the sort of people who like to standardize protocol specifications.
A parallel bus system is a bus system that transfers several data bits at the same time. This bus system requires wide buses because large chunks of data need to be transferred faster. Parallel buses usually have 8, 16, 32 or 64 data lines. A parallel bus system includes: ISA, PCI, VESA, and EISA buses. (Mueller, S. & Zacker, C. 1988).
Enclosed is a rough high-level conceptual view of the communication channels. This is very preliminary as we don't what suitable devices we can use for multiplexers, demux, and converters. The idea is to design a full-duplex serial com link between point A and B. The bandwidth is limited in the copper wiring (telephone line) probably would not go any higher than 115 kbps using a modem a constraint distance of 5 miles.
What does TCP mean? TCP is a set of rules that governs the delivery of data over the internet or other network that uses the Internet Protocol, and sets up a connection between the sending and receiving computers.
Wireless networks – While the term wireless network may technically be used to refer to any type of network that is wireless, the term is most commonly used to refer to a telecommunications network whose interconnection between nodes is implemented without the use of wires, such as a computer network. Wireless telecommunication networks are generally implemented with some type of remote information transmission system that uses electromagnetic waves, such as radio waves, for the carrier and this implementation usually takes place at the physical level or “layer” network.
After compression, the structure data, audio and video must be multiplexed. A number of compressed TV signals are combined by a multiplexer and put unto a shared transition medium. This is done by one of the two possible kinds of multiplexers that result in either a transport or a program stream, which is suited for secure transmission paths since it can contain large amounts of information. In addition multiplexing can be done using various methods. Time division multiplexing allocates a distinct time interval for each channel in a set; with the help of synchronization and a fixed interval order the channels take turns using the common line.
Drones use Radio Frequency (RF) transmitters (TX) and receivers (RX) to send the information used to control the drone. Inside the radio, transmitters encode the digital data from the movements of sticks and switches into an electric current, which gets sent through wires to the radio’s antenna. There, the electric currents generate electromagnetic radiation, or radio waves. Waves with different amplitudes (heights) or frequencies (durations) carry different messages. (FM and AM radio stations stand for Frequency Modulation and Amplitude Modulation, respectively.) The radio wave moves through the air at 186,000 miles per second, is picked up by the drone’s receiver and undergoes the same magic in reverse — radio waves turn into electric currents, which are then interpreted by the drone as adjustments to
Before the computer modem, there was the com-port. When an internal modem card is placed inside of a computer, it behaves as a COM2 or COM3 port. It is also possible connect serial mice into one of these ports (Gilbert, 1996). Asynchronous communication is used in the PC COM port. Each byte of data is a separate unit and the computer that is sending the data can pause between any two bytes of the message. However, the receiver of the message may have to catch the data as quickly as it arrives. This is done by the "a synch" data requiring one extra bit worth of time to announce the new byte's beginning and once extra bit worth of time at the end. This is what is known as the "start" and "stop" bits. This means that a 2400 baud modem could transfer only 240 bytes of data per second. Each byte would require a minimum of 10-bit times. This was once called "start-stop" communication, but asynchronous (a sync, for short) is the name (Gilbert, 1995).
Digital transmissions are very different from analog transmission. A digital transmission is a series of pulses that are ones or zeroes and these ones and zeroes make up combinations to create characters in characters sets. The way the signal is carried depends on whether the network is electrical or optical. In an electrical network, the ones and zeroes are either high voltage or low voltage. With an optical network, it is either the presents of light or no light.
Digital signals convert regular signals into strings of ones and zeros, which is much more efficient than analog signals. Broadcasters can maximize their use of channel space because digital signals carry significantly more information than analog signals. Several digital programs and services can be sent in the space occupied by a single analog channel. The result of this is that the consumer is provided with more channel choices(FCC).
Another example of simultaneous communication would be when I was giving a talk to the restaurant staff at the hotel I was working for, it was on a Sunday. After the first 30 minutes, while I was speaking, I noticed people starting to fidget, and stop paying attention. I found this understandable, but I still had to say something to draw their attention back. They were communicating to me they were ready to leave.
Smaller networks include metropolitan and local area networks. A communication network provides common transmission, and switching functions that enable users to transport data between many sources and many destinations. Under ideal circumstances, the data that arrives at the destination is identical to the data that was sent. The rate of arrival of the bits at any point in the network is said to be the data rate at that point and it is typically measured in bits per second. These bits may come from one source or from multiple sources.
Communication is way of exchanging data between people or gatherings of individuals. It is a procedure where we attempt as plainly and precisely as we can, to pass on our ideas, goals and targets.
Wired and wireless transmission media are pathways that are used to transport data or information through the use of various means. While wired media utilizes cables or wires to transport data, wireless media transmit data through radio signals or waves and do not require any cables. As a result, these systems have certain advantages and disadvantages that make them effective and ineffective for various purposes. The other important aspect of transmission of data is structured wiring systems that are fast becoming the norm for all networks. These systems are widely used because of their benefits i.e. consistency, simplified troubleshooting, support for future applications, and support for multi-vendor equipment. Consequently, organizations will benefit from sites that provide information regarding structured wiring protocol.
Telecommunication is communication over long distances, by means such as by newspapers, telephone, radio, satellite, television and the Internet.
Explain how the two important transport protocols deliver messages on behalf of the application and discuss the differences between them