Pulse Oximeter
Ashwin Muthu (15251057)
Medical Instrumentation EE611[A]
Department of Electronics Engineering
NUI, Maynooth
Abstract— This paper explains us the importance and the working of the pulse oximeter. Since oxygen is the most important thing in the human body the paper explains how the body works with the intake of oxygen and what happens when there is a reduction of oxygen in a human body. The main objective of this paper is to understand the importance of oxygen for the human body and also the importance of a great invention called pulse oximeter. The paper describes why was the pulse oximeter needed and how was it invented. It will also show you how the pulse oximeter functions along with the recent developments and
…show more content…
Signal extraction technology:
Signal extraction theory is the most important part in pulse oximetry.
Even while designing the oximeter the signal extraction was the most challenging part.
In the conventional pulse oximetry we have 2 LED lights, Red and Infrared both having wavelengths of 660nm and 940nm respectively.
At these wavelengths absorption of lights may change between blood with more oxygen and blood with scarce oxygen. It is known that oxygenated blood absorbs more of the infrared light and lets the red light to pass through easily while deoxygenated blood allows infrared light to pass through it and absorbs the red light.
This can also be seen in the above diagram of absorption of HbO2.
The conventional pulse oximeter assumes blood is only pulsating at the measurement site, However when a patient moves, His non-arterial or venous blood also starts flowing creating a noise and the pulse oximeter gives out low value which are not accurate.
In 1989 a California based company called Masimo invented a revolutionary was of measuring the accurate value of oxygen in the
…show more content…
ADVANCEMENT
In the recent years there have multiple advancement in the field of pulse oximeter. As new and innovative ways with better design and improved accuracy are being invented.
Some of the recent advancements are given below.
A. Pulse oximetry using bluetooth and wifi.
Pulse oximetry is attached with a low cost alerting mobile device so that patient can always wear the oximeter and if the level of oxygen does go low in the patient the doctor will be alerted through the Wi-Fi or Bluetooth interfaces. The above block diagram shows a pulse oximetry handled by Wi-Fi or Bluetooth
V. CONCLUSION
From the invention of the pulse oximetry to the date we exists the oximeter has become one of the most fundamental medical devices in the human history.
The invention of new pulse oximetry just shows us the improvements that can be made still. Oximeter is a small, inexpensive, portable medical device which saves people’s lives. The best part is you can build an oximeter sitting at home making it a very humble but important device.
People say that you can’t live without love I think oxygen is more important.
REFERENCES
[1] "Stimulating Student Learning with a Novel “In-House” Pulse Oximeter Design"--Jianchu Yao, M.S. and Steve Warren, Ph.D.Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Kansas State
Absorbance was defined as: log I_o/I where I_o is incident light and I is the transmitted light. Fluorescence emission spectrum is different from fluorescence excitation spectrum because it records different wavelengths of chemical s...
A spectrum is a group of light wavelengths that are ordered in relation to their wavelength length. The electromagnetic spectrum consists radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays. (1)Specifically, this lab looks at the visible light part of the spectrum because one of the colors in the visible light spectrum is shine through the sample. The visible light spectrum consists of colors of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. The color chosen to be shine through the sample is affected by the color of sample when mixed with the indicator Ammonium Vanadomolybdate (AMV). The color on the color wheel that is opposite of the solution’s color is the color that is shined through the
Because it is a way of knowing the pressure that the blood is putting on the walls of arteries and veins.
...nd violet wavelengths are the shortest, and violet is the least visible to the human eye. These wavelengths are scattered throughout the day and caused by a redirection of the light-waves direction due to gas molecules in the atmosphere (Mc Knight, p. 84). When the sun is setting towards the end of the day there are few blue wavelengths left and we see orange and red which are dominant and the longest wavelengths of visible light to the human eye. At the bottom of the photo (closest to the setting sun) red and orange are the dominant visible colors with the occasional blue and almost violet. If our eyes could not see orange and red our sunsets would be a dark blue or black.
It determines how well your heart pumps with each beat by measuring the percentage of blood leaving your heart
The individual will have their blood pressure levels taken using a blood pressure machine called a sphygmomanometer, where a cuff is placed around the individual’s arm and fills up with air to create pressure around the arm to restrict the amount of blood flow and takes a pulse reading as it releases the pressure. After the individual’s blood pressure has been taken they may be asked to take it at home using a blood pressure kit to see if it is still high and that the first reading was not due to anxiety.
This chapter provides some insight into pulse wave analysis and its relation to arterial diseases. The shape of the arterial pulse wave is an augmentation of the forward traveling wave with the reflected wave. The amount of wave reflection is dependent on the arterial wall properties such as arterial stiffness and is expressed in terms of Augmentation Index. This approach has been studied extensively using various measuring techniques, all of which have respective advantages and disadvantages. The purpose of PWA can be seen in the section describing the medical conditions that affect the wave shape. The discussion is included to assist the reader in understanding the purpose of pulse wave analysis.
Infra-red spectroscopy was first used in 1950's by Wilbur Kaye. He designed a machine that tested the near-infrared spectrum and was able to provide the theory to describe the results. There have been many advances in the field of IR Spec, the most applicable was the application of Fourier Transformations. ”The Fourier Transform is a tool that breaks a waveform (a function or signal) into an alternate representation, characterized by sine an...
Cardiac monitoring has been available since the early 1960s (Henriques-Forsythe, Ivonye, Jamched, Kamuguisha, Olejeme & Onwuanyi, 2009). George, Walsh-Irwin, Queen, Vander Heuvel, Hawkins, & Roberts (2015) explain, “Remote telemetry monitoring is the monitoring of cardiac rhythms of acute care inpatients from a central locate by personnel who are not directly involved with patient care” (p. 11). Researchers and authors published a multitude of articles, best practices, and standards for hospital monitoring (Drew, 2004, Funk, 2010). A basic internet query reveals injuries and deaths related to remote telemetry monitoring. Guidelines, best practices, and research provide the best evidence in the delivery of safe quality care
...nt for early detection of different diseases. Although they have been somewhat effective in the past, they need to be updated and improved so a wider range of diseases can be detected. Among these checkups, an emphasis should be made on checking for congenital heart defects, especially those who are hard to detect. This should be a priority because a baby with a CCHD could be at risk in the future. Furthermore, children who have a heart disease such as Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome are at greater risk. In these cases, early detection is key for eliminating this types of conditions. This way an appropriate treatment can be given at a younger age and a more permanent solution can be offered to eliminate the condition such as surgery. If the root of these types of diseases can be eliminated now, future generations can have a better healthy life quality and assurance.
We were divided into couples and each of us had to measure both BP and TPR on a patient. We were given the choice to choose which of the two observations techniques our companion would perform. My partner, Alexandra and I, agreed based on our confidence levels that I would perform TPR and she would take the BP of the patient, whom in this case was a course colleague. Alexandra was the first to perform her observation. After taking the BP of the patient with the blood pressure cuff and sphygmomanometer, she uttered that she could her find the patient’s radial artery which according to Martini and Bartholomew (2007) is found in the wrist and is most often used for its ability to be pressed against the radius’ distal section. As a result she could not measure the patient’s BP. She thereby proposed that I retake the observation. I found the patient’s pulse, completed the BP measurement whiles Alexandra recorded down our observations on an observation chart. Afterwards, I measured the patient’s temperature with a tympanic membran...
...o those patients with chest pain, in order to maintain oxygen saturations as close to 100%, unknowingly realizing that the patient is being exposed to significant periods of hyperoxia (Moradkham & Sinoway, 2010 ). It has been suggested that this is due to poor monitoring skills by health professionals. (Moradkham & Sinoway, 2010 ). From reading this essay it is clear that there is a high demand and need of further clinical research into the effectiveness of oxygen in the client with chest pain. More research also has to be conducted in order for the health professionals to fully understand what oxygen does to the body. Through completing and implementing more updated and reviewed evidence and research on the effect of oxygen on the client with chest pain, a better practice can be put in place to ensure the patient is receiving the best care to save their life.
This reflection of vital signs will go into discussion about the strengths and weaknesses of each vital sign and the importance of each of them. Vital signs should be assessed many different times such as on admission to a health care facility, before and after something substantial has happened to the patient such as surgery and so forth (ref inter). I learned to assess blood pressure (BP), pulse (P), temperature (T) and respiration (R) and I will reflect and discuss which aspects were more difficult and ways to improve on them. While pulse, respiration and temperature were fairly easy to become skilled at, it was blood pressure which was a bit more difficult to understand.
Infrared spectroscopy (IR spectroscopy) is a type of spectroscopy that involves the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. It is one of the most important analytical methods widely used. It is a method that is used to measure how much infrared radiation is absorbed by sample materials. Different functional groups absorb this radiation at specific wavelengths. The functional groups can be determined by studying the absorbance patterns of a compound. Infrared region is between the visible region and the micro waves of the electromagnetic spectrum. It consists of longer wavelengths and lower frequency. Most common example of infrared is the thermal radiation emitted by matter near room temperature. The most common technique involving infrared is absorption spectroscopy. Chemicals can be identified and studied with this. The most common instrument used is called Fourier transf...
The stethoscope is used for listening the sound of patient body it has a disc shape that is placed on chest a tube that is connected to ear. It sometime use in listening to lung and the heart also the abdomen. The stethoscope is also used in measuring blood pressure, doctor used this a lot. It let the doctors knows what is wrong with the patient. What type of diseases the patient has? Stethoscope are used by all doctors who diagnosed diseased. It helps doctor knows what normal body blood people have. Family medicine used all this in patient. They also used it to check the women pregnancies and the fetus.