Knowledge capturing is a process by which the experts thought process and experience are captured (Award & Ghaziri, 2013). Knowledge regarding mask carving is heavily driven on the practice based perspective where tacit knowledge is superior. Therefore knowledge capturing tools tend to be on practice and technical aspects rather than capturing knowledge through codified sources.
Observation is a main source of knowledge capturing technique in mask carving. Sons observed their father from early childhood. Their socialization process was characterized based on the observations of the family who were into mask carving throughout the life time. Sons observed how their father selected an appropriate Kaduru tree to get wood for the mask and father
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Even the effort made on codifying knowledge has been very poor. Codified sources are considered as family secrets and are protected with high level of confidence. This is a major barrier for the progression of the mask industry. Below are some sources of knowledge codification
4.2.4.1 Ola Leaf books
There are few ola leaf books available for reference written by the pioneers of their family organization. These books include chanting during performances, order of performing dances, auspicious dates and time to cut the Kaduru wood etc. Some of them are displayed at Museum in Ambalangoda and Colombo National Museum which includes AC14- Yakun Natanawa, 7/ K 5- Yakun natanawa Kolan natanawa. (Amarasekara, 2002)
4.2.4.2 Handwritten scripts of the generation
Different families maintain kolam scripts inherited to the family written on special techniques relating to carving, painting etc. Paper was used to write handwritten scripts only during the recent years replacing the ola leafs used by ancestors. Scripts written in ink are preserved at their mask museums.
4.2.4.3
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Companion trust is visible where passing the father’s knowledge to the son. There were no issues of loyalty, but when passing the knowledge to someone outside the family that person needed to win the trust of the gurus. Competency trust gained by master where he observes how the student is doing the carving, to ensure that he has the competency of learning the skills and then only he will share his knowledge with the student. Commitment trust is seen where master observes how committed the student is to learn the skills and his passion to decide whether to pass the knowledge to the student or
Making a mask is a long process that needs a lot of tools. The curved knife is one
In every society and culture writing is very important by which it allows us to transmit ideas or knowledge for others to see. Writing allows us to look back at information from centuries ago and understand what it was like. According to chapter 12 “The two indisputably independent inventions of writing were achieved by the Sumerians of Mesopotamia somewhat before 3000 B.C. and by Mexican Indians before 600 B.C. Egyptian writing of 3000 B.C. and Chinese writing (by 1300 B.C.) may also have arisen independently” (Diamonds, pg. 218). Other cultures may have adopted writing by ideas inspired by theses writing systems. Diamonds also points out that Sumerian Cuneiform is one of the oldest writing systems. One way the writing system was developed was by using clay tablets to write on by using pointy objects to scratch the surface. He also describes three basic strategies in writing that were used such as logograms, syllables, and letters that are in the alphabet. The alphabet that we use today was developed due to blue print copying. He continued to describe the...
The ordinary everyday mineral pigments of black, white and red are utilized in different ways on the elaborate wooden masks, each embellished with a fibrous hood that surrounds the head and shoulders of the wearer. The role of each detail behind each specific line on each different mask helps to denote the movement and rhythm the performer attempts to conduct while wearing this mask in a cultural ceremony. The specific organizational composition of the masks’ facial features differs as well. The masks allow the viewer to understand the Bwa’s portrayal of their spiritual beliefs through the easily recognizable animal imagery as seen with horns on the masks, however the composition of the masks is juxtaposed to animals of the real world through the additional elements of emphasis the Bwa place on depicting their spiritual beings. For example, one mask has a tall narrow plank residing on the crown.
Writing is perhaps the most important building block of communication - after verbal speech, of course. Writing, like most of human civilization, has its roots in ancient Mesopotamia. The first writing systems began in a style known as cuneiform (Cuneiform, 2013). These wedge-shaped markings have their roots in Sumerian culture and were used predominantly for record keeping and accounting. At the archaeological site of Uruk in what is modern day Iraq, a great wealth of knowledge has been gained from the artifacts located there. Uruk was a ceremonial site and is home to the world’s oldest known documented written documents (Price and Feinman, 2013). The documents discovered list quantities of goods that may have been stored at Uruk, leading archaeologists to believe that writing in this part of the world was developed primarily to keep lists of transactions and stockpiled quantities of goods located at the site.
...recognize development of trust within an organization is both an opportunity and ongoing challenge. Trust creates the groundwork for effective communication, employee motivation, and retention. Trusting relationships lead to synergy, interdependence, and respect.
The fundamental ability to form relationships with attachment involved, is truly indispensable in terms of forming and having proper human social relationships. One emotion that is extremely important to have in order to take part of these important types of relationships include: trust. Trust is extremely important for various reasons. It is “truly indispensable” in friendship, love, families and organizations. Trust- which pervades human societies, plays a key role in important endeavors in various dimensions of life; these dimensions include economic exchange as well as certain parts of politics. The need for trust in these examples along with others are crucial for various reasons; which include the issues that come with exhibiting lack of trust in particular situations. For example: in absence of trust among trading partners, market transaction will be much more likely to breakdown. In the absence of trust in a country’s institution and leader relationships, political legitimacy is also much more likely to break down. (Kosfeld, 2005) Research has indicated that trust plays a major roll in economic, political, and social types of success.
Trust is neither given or gained freely; therefore, one will not trust another until that person had earned their trust through a combination of demonstrating integrity, commitment, understanding, and respect towards another (Garman, Fitz, & Fraser, 2006). One way team members can engender trust through commitment. Individuals need to attempt to honor commitments whenever they can and when they can't, how one handles failed commitments is even more important in building trust. Another way to engender trust is to maintain confidentiality. Confidentiality is imperative for building and sustaining trust and for ensuring open and honest communication.
Trust within family members is one of the strongest forms of trust in the world. This is because people will tend to trust other people that they have known for a long time, which are family members. However if this trust is broken, it could be a huge disaster. If someone breaks trust with a friend or acquaintance, it will suffer some consequences.
"Society values mental labor more highly than manual labor." This is a claim that Ruth Hubbard makes in her essay "Science, Facts, and Feminism." This claim suggests that those who are the thinkers, the innovators, the inventors, and the great minds are highly valued by society; however, those who are the doers, the laborers, the hand-crafters, and the workers are not valued as greatly. Hubbard implies that society regards mental labor as more important than manual labor because it requires more specifically human qualities. Knowledge making is one of these specifically human qualities. Mental laborers and manual laborers are distinguished by this knowledge making process.
A big aspect of gaining this trust is physically talking to the
Knowledge is often assumed to be mobile and easily transferred but it is necessary to consider its deeper aspects that impose barriers to the knowledge flows within MNCs. Ambiguity plays a critical role in knowledge transfer (Simonin, 1999; Lippman & Rumelt, 1982). Lippman and Rumelt (1982, p. 420) stated that “ambiguity as to what factors are responsible for superior (or inferior) performance acts as a powerful block on both imitation and factor mobility.” In other words, ambiguity protects knowledge from being imitated by competitors, but also hinders knowledge transfer within an organization. Ambiguity can be defined as “the fact of something having more than one possible meaning and therefore possibly causing confusion” (Cambridge Dictionaries
Knowledge Base: Knowledge may be as simple as detailing regions of an image where the information of interest is known to be located, thus limiting the search that has to be conducted in seeking that information. The knowledge base also can be quite complex, such as an interrelated list of all major possible defects in a materials inspection problem or an image database containing high-resolution satellite images of a region in connection with change-detection applications.
The overall essence of education or knowledge acquisition is reflected in an axiom by Confucius which says “Tell me, and I will forget; show me, and I will remember; but involve me, and I will understand. Back then, it was clear that learning was a comprehensive process which involves passionate exchanges between students and their teachers; unfortunately this is not the case in most modern classrooms. Instead of the expected bidirectional communication between learners and teachers, in the modern learning environment there is a unidirectional system which involves the teacher incessantly hurling facts at students who, due to their passive roles as mere receptacles, have fallen asleep or; in the case of “best” students are mindlessly taking notes. This leads to a situation where knowledge has neither been conferred nor acquired.
Trust is built by trusting team members and communicate about any issues that arises in the team. You would make commitment and believe in your ability to get the job done.
Together we chose three important concepts: leadership, followership, and trust. Leadership characteristics and behaviors are often discussed, but that of followership is much less common (Jerry, 2013). The study of followership is many times overlooked, although research on leadership is abundant (Satterlee, 2013). The fact is, a leader cannot lead without followers, thus is why followership is important (Satterlee, 2013). Point blank, there is no leadership without followership, but still the topic of followership rarely arises (Hoption, 2014). As defined by Mayer, Davis, and Schoorman, trust is “the willingness of a party to be vulnerable to the actions of another party based on the expectation that the other will perform a particular action important to the trustor, irrespective of the ability to monitor or control that other party as a positive expectation that another will not act opportunistically” (1995, as cited in Satterlee, 2013, p.