The Latin American revolution era was to end the colonial rule by Spain and Portugal over Mexico, Central America, and South America and gave independence to the nations of Latin America. This resulted in a number of independent countries. Leading to the dramatic change of a revolution or independence was a series of a combination of long building tensions in colonial rule. Creoles, or the percent of the spanish born in America, felt like Bourbon policy was a threat against their status, power, and wealth. The Spanish Bourbons in the 18th century imposed reforms that created instability with the rulers and the coloners. However there was a gradual loosening of the trade restrictions and the creoles benefited from this. As with almost all revolutions, the …show more content…
The spanish were eventually unable to trade legally with other countries as well as neutral countries. This made the creole's hungier for being able to make their own rules for their economy. In 1807, Charles IV allowed Napoleon's forces to invade Portugal. The Portuguese ruler, Prince Regent John, fleed to Brazil. He then transformed the Brazilian colony into an administration center for his empire. After Charles IV abdicated in favor of Ferdinand, his son, Napeleon had the both of them imprisoned. Napeleon then tried to destroy the Spanish independence. This started a whole crisis within Spain and its possessions. There was not much political authority becuase of the imprisonment of Ferdinand and Charles IV. In 1810 a parliament, or Cortes, came to represent Spain and Spanish America. They produced a new constitution where the Spanish possessions were not to be mere colonies anymore. However, the creoles participating in the parliament was not completely represented. The cortes could not create free trade to the Americas and denied self governing to over seas dominions, in which the Spanish Americans did not easily agree to. In 1814, Ferdinand regained the throne and attempted to reestablish
Slide 2- the man the Spanish monarchy chose was Christopher Columbus. Columbus is known for stumbling into America while looking for Asia.
The struggle of Cuba to gain its independence from Spain, which began in 1895, has captured the attention of many Americans. Spain’s brutal repressive measures to halt the rebellion were graphically portrayed for the U.S. public by American newspaper publishers, William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer which caused to shape the national mood of agitation against Spain. Hearst and Pulitzer exaggerated the actual events in Cuba and how did Spanish brutally treated their prisoners by adding sensational words to catch the emotions of readers. However, publishing stories against the atrocities of Spain did not convince President Cleveland to support the intervention with Spain. When President McKinley held the office in 1897, he wanted to end the revolt peacefully, and he tried to avoid the involvement of America to the conflict between Cuba and Spain. McKinley sent Stewart Woodford to Spain to negotiate for peaceful Cuban autonomy and it all went smoothly and the independence of Cuba was supposed to be awarded after the negotiation. However, the peaceful settlement suddenly vanished after the incident of February 1898 when a private letter for a Cuban friend written by the Spanish minister Enrique Dupuy de Lome was stolen by a Cuban age...
did not have full freedom as they had to pay for land. Part of the
Other events during the inoculation stage of the revolutions included Napoleon invading Spain and the French maltreatment of other human beings. The Haitian revolution was due to the French ruling by threats and violence. For example, if slaves in Haiti ran away, their limbs could be cut off. In contrast, the Gran Colombian revolution was caused by Napoleon invading Spain, which led to feelings of independence in Latin America. Revolutionary ideas spread in both the Spanish and French
Spain had what seemed like an empire from the 15 century to the 19 century. Spain controlled the Caribbean islands, and the Americas. Spain was controlled by a social pyramid. At the top were Peninsulares. Creoles were right below the Peninsulares, who were of Spanish descent but had less power because they were not born in Spain. Below the Creoles were a mix of Native American and Europeans called mestizos. After that were Mulattos which were European and African. Below everything were first slaves and then Native Americans. Spain controlled these countries for several centuries. However, there was a revolution during the 19th century. The Creoles led the revolution to maintain their level of power and or wealth.
Early in the nineteenth century rebellion against European authority broke out in Latin America. First, slaves on the island of Haiti revolted against their French masters. Led by former slave Toussaint L'Overture the Haitians defeated France making Haiti the...
In 1923, King Alfonso XIII was in full support of how General Primo de Rivera wanted to control the country, so the General became a dictator until 1930. Although he was a dictator, he wasn’t as harsh as dictators that came after him. He was actually interested in public work and industrial production, and he assisted with the end of the Moroccan Rebellion in 1925. However, Spain was a disaster financially, and Rivera could not fix the problem. In April of 1931, Spain held an election, and those elected declared Spain a republic instead of a monarchy. Because of this declaration, many problems arose. Catalonia and the Basque region requested independence, which could have caused Spain to break up. The Catholic Church and the republic also did not get along very well. Spain was primarily an agricultural country around this era, so when the country was in a depression in the 1930s, their prime exports dropped in value. T...
A very important event in Peruvian history is how Peru gained its independence from Spain. It all started with an uprising of Spanish-American landowners and their forces were led by Jose de San Martin of Argentina and Simon Bolivar of Venezuela. Because Peru was the stronghold of the Spanish government in South America, Argentine patriot, General San Martin’s strategy to liberate Peru was to use diplomacy. He sent representatives to Lima urging Viceroy Pazuela that Peru be granted independence, however all negotiations proved unsuccessful. They then launched Peru’s movement toward independence. San Martin led the military campaign of 4,200 soldiers. On July 28, 1821, he proclaimed the independence of Peru in Lima and said, “From this moment on, Peru is free and independent; by the general will of the people and the justice of its cause that God defends. Long live the homeland! Long live freedom! Long live our independence!” However, Spain did not identify Peru’s independence and the conflict continued. In 1824, Simon Bolivar and his assistants assembled the army at the Lake of Junín...
by a small English army. In 1350 Edward led an English fleet against the spanish from
This created new viceroyalties and captaincies-general and natural trade routes were opened up. Humphreys stated, "The natural trade routes of the indies were opened up, where once Cádiz and Seville had enjoyed a monopoly with in a monopoly and the fleets and galleons had divided between the commerce and treasure of Mexico and Peru, step by step the ports of America and the ports of Spain were opened, the age old restrictions on inter-colonial commerce were light ended, and the tariff's and duties hampering trade revised"(R. A. Humphreys, 383). The reasons that these innovations were made were for efficiency in administration and to rehabilitate the colonial trade. It was a strategic plan where in the end there was imperial defense, protection of the empire against foreign factors, and to eliminate competition. In places like Buenos Aires, the economic life was completely altered where the exports, shipping, and even population began to rapidly
Bartering w/ Indians replaced by more royal control & making sugar plantation economy Indian resistance/depop. import African
Scholars have debated not only the nature of Iberian colonialism, but also the impact that independence had on the people of Latin America. Historian Jaime E. Rodriguez said that, “The emancipation of [Latin America] did not merely consist of separation from the mother country, as in the case of the United States. It also destroyed a vast and responsive social, political, and economic system that functioned well despite many imperfections.” I believe that when independence emerged in Latin America, it was a positive force. However, as time progressed, it indeed does cause conflict.
Though Martinique is not the only Caribbean island that France colonized, it is one of the few that are left under French control and therefore Martinican society is more like that of France’s than on any other Caribbean islands. This does not mean that everyone is okay with staying under French rule, though; there is a small group of nationalists, which fight and strive for independence for the island. Most of the population is contented with their autonomic place within the French Republic. Most Martinicans, while preserving French West Indian cultural identity through Creole language, music, cuisine, and mores prefer not to sever their political ties with France. Though being a department is not always positive, for the most part, Martinique and France have a mutually beneficial relationship. Martinicans, because they are considered French citizens, receive the welfare programs that France provides. This covers health care, retirement, benefits if they experience widowhood, and assistance fo...
In the United States, the state of Louisiana has a diverse Creole population. White Creoles are the French-speaking descendants of early French or Spanish settlers. Black Creoles are generally the French-speaking Louisianians of mixed race, once constituted a separate group, but have now largely assimilated into the black Creole population. These people have their own culture and customs and even a composite language derived from the French. In Latin America the term may refer to people of direct Spanish extraction or just to members of families whose ancestry goes back to the colonial period. In the West Indies the word Creole is used to identify descendants of any European settlers. (Encarta Encyclopedia 226).