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Ethical dilemma genetic testing
Arguments against genetic testing
Arguments against genetic testing
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Genetic testing has become a highly controversial issue among both the general population and the scientific community. It is a process that exposes a person’s entire genome sequence, allowing it to be read and evaluated to identify potential risks for genetic diseases or diseases that could be passed onto offspring (Holt Productions, 2012). With thousands of genetic tests already being used, and more being established, it seems logical to put this growing technology to use. Some agree that it is a person’s right to know and understand his or her genetic makeup. However, others argue that, despite the benefits of genetic testing, caution should be used to carefully inspect the risks associated with this new technology. Relatively simple tests can be used to conduct genetic testing on adults and children; even fetuses can undergo testing, but at greater risk for complications. Currently, genetic testing has to be ordered by a medical professional such as a physician, nurse practitioner, or medical geneticist. Once ordered, a DNA sample is sent to a lab for further testing. In adults, sampling methods typically involve taking DNA through blood draws, hair pulls, skin samples, or samples of other tissues. In fetuses, however, there are two techniques that can be used to obtain genetic information: amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling. Through amniocentesis, amniotic fluid is taken from the placental sac and tested directly. The other method is chorionic villus sampling, where a tissue sample is tested after being taken directly from the fetus (National Library of Medicine, 2014). Genetic testing has become a routine procedure to test newborns for various genetic diseases. One such genetic disease that is routinely screen... ... middle of paper ... ...genetic testing, while keeping in mind the potential dangers of this new technology. References Farrell, P. M., Rosenstein, B. J., White, T. B., Accurso, F. J., Castellani, C., Cutting, G. R., ... & Campbell III, P. W. (2008). Guidelines for diagnosis of cystic fibrosis in newborns through older adults: Cystic Fibrosis Foundation consensus report. The Journal of Pediatrics, 153(2), S4-S14. Holt Productions, NOVA, & PBS Home Video. (2012). Cracking your genetic code: [United States]: PBS Home Video. Mayo Clinic. (2012). Cystic fibrosis. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cystic-fibrosis/basics/complications/con-20013731 National Library of Medicine (US). Genetics Home Reference [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): The Library; 2014 April 28. What is genetic testing?; [cited 2014 April 29]; Retrieved from: http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/basics/cell
In today’s modern age science is moving at a rapid pace; one of those scientific fields that has taken the largest leaps is that of genetics. When genetics first comes to mind, many of us think of it as a type of science fiction, or a mystical dream. Yet genetics is here, it is real, and has numerous ethical implications.
Visse, M, Abma, T, Oever, HVD, Prins, Y, Gulmans, Y. 2013. Perceptions of hospital admission in patients with cystic fibrosis. Journal of Hospital Administration 2(3), pp. 54-65.
A widely accepted Caucasian disease has since changed; as cases of its existence are appearing in the South Asian Population (Orenstein, Rosenstein and Stern, 2000). First discovered in 1989, Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a genetically predetermined condition, its presences is lifelong and highly complex, which is why many CF sufferers and families develop various mechanisms in order to adapt to the condition (Tippingemail, Scholes, Cox, 2010). Cystic Fibrosis causes the body to develop thick, sticky mucus which clogs the lungs and affects other organs in the body, mainly the pancreas. The layer of mucus if untreated develops in to a chronic infection which can be detrimental. The pancreas of a CF patient is most vulnerable, once the mucus has reached this organ, it halts digestive enzymes from reaching the intestines which aid in absorbing food, therefore affecting nearby organs (Davies, Alton, and Bush, 2007). Currently there are 9,000 people diagnosed with CF in England (CF Trust, 2011). It has been estimated that there is 1 in 10,000 South Asian sufferers in the UK alone (Kabra, Kabra, Lodha, Ghosh, Kapil et al, 2003; McCormick, Green, Mehta, 2002). Prior research-based literature that focuses on people with CF and their families covers some of the experience of living with the disease but displays some major gaps; none has specifically targeted South Asian individuals. Cross culturally this is also the case; the limited availability of CF research has influenced scientists to devote more attention in this area. For instance, information in regards to CF in Egypt is very limited; firstly CF has been believed to occur infrequently as there has not been a sufficient amount of known CF cases. Naguib, Schrijver, Gardner, Pique, Doss, Ze...
Cystic Fibrosis is an inherited disease characterized by the buildup of thick, sticky mucous that can cause severe damage to the body’s organs. Mucous is usually a slippery substance that lubricates and protects the linings of the airway, digestive system, reproductive system and other organs and tissue. Problems with digestion can lead to diarrhea, malnutrition, poor growth, and weight-loss. Due to the abnormally thick mucous it can can clog airways, leading to breathing problems and bacterial infections in the lungs. Bacterial infections can lead to coughing, wheezing and inflammation. Overtime these infections can lead to permanent damage in the lungs including the formation of scar tissue, known as fibrosis and cysts in the lungs (Genetics Home Reference, 2013). The symptoms and signs of this disease vary but mostly include progressive damage to the respiratory system and chronic digestive system problems. An individuals’ lungs who are infected by cystic fibrosis have bacteria from an early stage. This bacteria can spread to the small airways, leading to the formation of bacterial micro-environments known as biofilms. Biofilms are difficult for antibodies to penetrate, therefore the bacteria repeatedly damage the lung and gradually remodel the airways, resulting in difficultly to eradicate the infection (Welsh, 1995). Cystic fibrosis patients may even have their airways chronically colonized be filamentous fungi and/or yeasts. Most men with cystic fibrosis have congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens (CBAVD), a condition in which the tubes that carry sperm are blocked by mucous and do not develop properly. As well, women may experience complications in pregnancy. Either the c...
What are the risks and limitations of genetic testing?. (2014, April 21). Genetics Home Reference, Retrieved from http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/testing/riskslimitations
Taussig, Lynn M., M.D., and James C. Cunningham. An Introduction to Cystic Fibrosis for Patient and Families. 5th ed. N.p.: Cystic Fibrosis Foundation & Axcan Pharma, 2003. Print.
By reading the DNA of a fetus Prenatal DNA sequencing is the next dividing line of the genome revolution. Prenatal DNA sequencing is a noninvasive screening in which scientist can be able to sequence the DNA before birth. This is a primary process of gene altering in which where researchers are trying to correct an imperfection in a child. Scientist has discovered by a mother giving her blood sample and the father giving a spit sample, an entire genome of their fetus can be born. Clinical test capitalize on this DNA to discern the baby’s sex and determine whether mother and child have incompatible Rh blood groups, which can lead to fatal complications. Every gene and every chromosome known about a baby’s genetic make-up, while still in the u...
“Cystic Fibrosis in Adults: From Researcher to Practitioner” written by Gregory P. Marelich and Carroll E. Cross discusses the in depth details of cystic fibrosis. Gregory Marelich is a Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) and has certifications in internal medicine, pulmonary disease, and critical care medicine. Carroll Cross is a Doctor of Medicine and a Bachelor of Arts (B.A.). She is certified in pulmonary disease and internal medicine. Both authors have experience working in multiple facilities in California and have a sufficient amount of knowledge to write articles pertaining to pulmonary or medical conditions. Throughout the article they exhibit their knowledge and understanding for the lung disease cystic fibrosis.
When it comes to genetic diseases and conditions, testing can be very helpful and serve a good purpose. People with diseases that are inheritable to their children are encouraged to be tested. For example, in the article about Jewish testing, it says
The Human Genome Project is the largest scientific endeavor undertaken since the Manhattan Project, and, as with the Manhattan Project, the completion of the Human Genome Project has brought to surface many moral and ethical issues concerning the use of the knowledge gained from the project. Although genetic tests for certain diseases have been available for 15 years (Ridley, 1999), the completion of the Human Genome Project will certainly lead to an exponential increase in the number of genetic tests available. Therefore, before genetic testing becomes a routine part of a visit to a doctor's office, the two main questions at the heart of the controversy surrounding genetic testing must be addressed: When should genetic testing be used? And who should have access to the results of genetic tests? As I intend to show, genetic tests should only be used for treatable diseases, and individuals should have the freedom to decide who has access to their test results.
A genetic test can help a person prepare for the future. For instance, if a couple wanted to have kids and they knew a disease like sickle cell ran in the family they may consider getting a genetic test. They would be able to find out whether or not they ar...
For couples with previous knowledge of genetic disorders in their family and concerned parents, prenatal genetic testing is part of the regular pregnancy checkup. Making an appointment with a genetic counselor may seem strange or even frightening for some, still others view it a very common step being taken by many Americans today.
The "Genetic Screening" Genetic Screening. NDSU,. Web. The Web. The Web.
Coughlin, S. S. (2002). Future challenges for research on diagnostic tests: genetic tests and disease prevention. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 56(5), 335-336. doi:10.1136/jech.56.5.335
According to the Cystic Foundation Patient Registry, in the United States more than 30,000 people are living with cystic fibrosis and more than 70,000 worldwide. In order to inherit the cystic fibrosis gene both parents must have at least one copy. People with only one copy of the defective cystic fibrosis gene are called carriers. Genes are coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins within the cell (Miller and Levine 300). When two cystic fibrosis carriers have a child that child has a 25 percent chance of having cystic fibrosis, a 50 percent chance that the child will be a carrier and not be a cystic fibrosis carrier, and a 25 percent percent chance that the child will not be a carrier and not have cystic fibrosis (“CF Foundation”).