The Concert Experience and the Song as Oral Tradition
Before the invention of written language that enabled the creation of book technology, the spoken word was the leading edge of communication. Spoken epic poetry such as the Iliad and Odyssey, the Anglo-Saxon Beowulf, and the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh was the content of the speech medium. These epics were created as spoken pieces, and because listeners lacked an alphabet to commodify them (separate them from their performance), the tales had to be heard and experienced first-hand.
This group experience of the spoken epic involves what authors Hobart and Schiffman term commemoration: “In the world before writing, memory is the social act of remembering” (15). The way pre-literate media (speech) shaped culture includes this commemorative act. Pre-literate cultures had no other way of storing information and memory than to relive it. They could not write something down, forget about it, and then relearn the same information at a later date by reading it, because they lacked the technology of the written alphabet necessary to do so. Of course, they had the recollecting powers of the mind alone, but as today's stories, passed from one person to the next inevitably change, so did oral communications as human recollection failed in terms of an exact repetition of the original performance. Hence, each time listeners heard a spoken account of the Iliad, it changed a bit. In terms of an exceptional pre-literate performer of the Iliad or Odyssey, Robert Fitzgerald goes as far as to say that "He inherited a traditional art comparable in range and refinement to the art of the musical virtuoso in our day, but more creative and fluid, for in some degree it remained an art of improvisation" (484). Mnemonic devices such as rhyme and meter aided memory and kept the story on track (Hobart & Schiffman, 24), and as McLuhan would agree, can be counted as technological advances prior to the invention of alphabet because they extend language technology.
An analog to the spoken epic experience is the modern-day concert experience. Both are examples of live performance. For an example, the Rolling Stones' song "Sympathy for the Devil" is more like a spoken epic than a written account of an epic. This is because song and spoken epic utilize the same medium.
Storytelling is rampant in The Odyssey. The primary sources of these stories are the Bards and Odysseus. The Bards are representatives of the oral tradition valued by the Ancient Greeks. They were, in
Shirihai, H. and B. Jarrett (2006). Whales, Dolphins and Other Marine Mammals of the World. Princeton, Princeton University Press. p.185-188.
Karl Schwarzschild is credited with being the brilliant astronomer who developed the concept of black holes. In 1916, using Einstein's general theory of relativity, he began to make calculations about the gravity fields of stars. He concluded that if a huge mass, such as a star, were to be concentrated down to the size of an infintessimal point, the effects of Einstein's relativity would get really fairly extreme. Schwarzschild doubted that a star could get that small, and theorized that if a star did infact shrink upon itself like that, its gravity would remain the same and the planets revolving around it would remain in the same orbits they always had. Since then however, some of Schwarzschild's theories have been disproved, but most of his initial theories hold intact today. The Schwarzschild Radius, the maximum radius a body with a specific mass can have that won't let light escape, is named in his honor, and the equation of which is still in use today: Rs=2MG/(c^2)
Cetaceans are thought to be some of the most intelligent species on this planet. Popular culture has embraced the idea of cetacean intelligence with shows such as the 1960s hit TV series Flipper, where a dolphin is used to help fight crime. In his comedic science fiction novels, the Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy, author Douglas Adams suggests that dolphins are the second most intelligent creatures on Earth, behind mice and above humans. Although most scientists would probably argue that humans are the most intelligent species, the behavior and brain size of dolphins and other cetaceans suggests that they too are intelligent. This paper will briefly describe the reason some scientists believe cetaceans are intelligent species and then give examples of scientific studies, which suggest cetacean intelligence. Since bottlenose dolphins and orcas are the most widely studied cetaceans, the survey of field studies will primarily focus on these two species. At the end, this paper provides an argument of why some scientists discredit the high degree of cetacean intelligence.
The Dolphins have a blowhole that helps it take air at the surface. The blowhole has a flap that provides an airtight seal when the dolphin deeps itself in water. The Dolphins have wide fins that help them maintain balance in the water, this also helps them be first swimmers, his is essential in hunting and escape in case of a predator. The wide fins are also adapted to any water terrain. The same fins are also used for hunting and defense purposes. They also have clear and sharp eyesight both under and above the water. The sharp eyesight helps much during hunting and hiding. The Dolphins also have two stomachs; they are adapted in such a way that the first stomach holds the food temporarily as the second digests it. This eases and increases the efficiency of digestion. Dolphins also have a bigger brain. The big brain is specially designed for sound processing. Dolphins use the technique of echo hunting to spot their prey from a far distance. They can process a low sound coming from
An example of a cooperative hunting strategy is “Strand Feeding”. This is a unique strategy where dolphins work together in small groups to herd fish towards the shallow water and shore; they then use a wave to push the fish to shore and lunge their bodies the shore to feed on the fish (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). To detect prey, Bottlenose Dolphins can either use echolocation or use “passive listening” (Reynolds; Cross). They have also been known to follow fisherman boats and feed on discarded fishes and bait (Reynolds; "Diet & Eating
The body is streamlined body that helps them glide through the water faster. The bottle nose dolphin has pectoral flipper measuring from 12- 20in and are used to help them steer threw the water. Bottlenose dolphin’s auditory cortex of the brain is about twice the size of a humans. Their hearing range in frequency is up to 160 kHz. Bottle nose dolphins Diving is amazing for their survival when Hunting for food they can dive deep down as far was 2,300 feet and can hold their breath for as long as 12 to 15 minutes. They also use Echolocation kind of like sonar to find their prey. The dolphin starts by making clicking noises that reach Animals and objects making it easy to locate prey and other predators in the environment. Dolphins also use counter shading the body is gray to dark on their back and white on the bottom to help them blend and hide from predators and to sneak up on prey. The major Predators to dolphins are Large sharks example being tiger sharks and bull sharks are on rare occasions Killer Whales and Stingrays with sting rays being very rare only cause trauma and poison or infection from wounds.. Although it’s not uncommon to see dolphins with scars from shark bites on
Murky waters make it difficult to swim freely. Wonderopolis.org says dolphins use series of clicks and whistles which travel through water, bounce off and object, and return to the dolphin to report where the object is. Echolocation can detect the shape, size, and speed of an object. Dolphins also use echolocation to hunt for prey. Dolphins use their high pitch speaks to determine where their meal is. Even if a dolphin can’t see very well, echolocation allows them to hunt their prey easily. Echolocation is a way for dolphins to communicate. They make these noises to determine many things such as where they’re traveling, what to hunt for, and when they need protection in a dangerous
Gygax, Lorenz. “Evolution of Group Size in the Dolphins and Porpoises: Interspecific Consistency of Intraspecific Patterns.” Behavioral Ecology. Vol. 13, No. 5 (Sept 2002): 583-590.
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The Epic of Gilgamesh and The Odyssey both are held in high respect by literature analysts and historians alike for the characterization of the hero and his companion, the imagery brought to mind when one of them is read, and the impressive length in relation to the time period it was written in. The similarities that these two epics share do not end with only those three; in fact, the comparability of these works extend to even the information on the author and the archetypes used. However, The Odyssey and The Epic of Gilgamesh contrast from one another in their writing styles, character details, and main ideas. Both epics weave together a story of a lost man who must find his way, but the path of their stories contrast from one another.
An epic is an extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, celebrating the feats of a legendary or traditional hero. The main characteristics of an epic as a literary genre is that it is a long poem that tells a story, it contains an epic hero, its hero searches for immortality (but doesn't find it physically, only through fame), gods or other supernatural beings are interested and involved, and it delivers an historical message. The Epic of Gilgamesh is classified as an epic because it fits all the characteristics of an epic as a literary genre.
Aristotle once wrote, “The voice of the dolphin in the air is like that of the human in that they can pronounce vowels and combinations of vowels, but have difficulties with the constants.” The dolphin is one amazing creature. Dolphins, whales and porpoises are all related. I am going to talk about all aspects off the dolphin from evolution and vocalization to behavior and intelligence.
There is an event that I just can describe as one of the most unique and memorable in my life: attending my first concert. After years of listening to Ron Pope’s music, watching his YouTube channel, and following all of his social media accounts, the satisfaction of seeing someone whose music has been the soundtrack to my life for so long was unreal. There were moments that I had to internally remind myself that this is, in fact, happening in real life. Being a dedicated (some may say eccentrically so) fan is tough work – and I was rewarded with two hours of pure magic for one night. Attending my first concert was a unique event that I will always remember fondly because of the atmosphere, the amazing performance and the sense of connection
Television since its invention has come to be an influential part of the everyday life. The question that is presented now is if television is in fact a positive or negative factor in the lives of those who watch it. One side of the debate in favor in the usage of television says that television is something that can be used to educate and improve lives. The opposing side to this debate claims that television does little more than numb the mind and creates habits that harm the body. I believe that while television may have some positive benefits when put to good use, but downsides of television use outweigh any possible benefits as it can be detrimental to not only the mind but the body. The potential that television has to do harm is not only limited to those in one culture but in all places and age groups.