2.1.8.4.2. Splitting tensile strength:
The splitting tests are well known as indirect tests used for determining the tensile strength of concrete. And sometimes it is referred to as split tensile strength of concrete. The split tensile strength is a more reliable technique to evaluate tensile strength of concrete (lower coefficient of variation) compared to other methods. The split tensile strength specimen of 150 mm diameter and 300 mm or 150 x150 mm cube specimen are placed between two plates with two pieces of 3 mm thick, as shown in figure (2.25). The test consists of applying a compressive line load along the opposite generators of a concrete cylinder placed with its axis horizontal between the compressive platens. (ESS 203) Figure (2.25):
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In figure (2.26), eight equations proposed by different researchers have been plotted for lightweight concrete, as shown in table (2.12). The experimental splitting tensile strength values are calculated as follows: Eq. (2.23), (2.24), (2.25) (2.26) for cube specimens and (2.27), (2.28), (2.29), (2.30) for cylinder specimens. The splitting tensile strength of lightweight concrete for Eq. (2.23) ranged from 2.8 – 3.5 MPa, as shown in figure (2.23).
Eq. number Relation between the splitting and compressive strength Reference
2.23 fct = 0.487(fcu)0.5 Shafigh, Jumaat, Ahmud, Anjang, Hamid, (2012)
2.24 fct = 0.20(fcu)0.67 Shafigh, Jumaat, Ahmud, Anjang, Hamid, (2010)
2.25 fct = 0.23(fcu)0.67 Smadi and Migdady,
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Where: fct is the splitting tensile strength in MPa; fcy is the cylinder compressive strength in MPa; fcu is the cube compressive strength in MPa. Figure (2.26): Splitting tensile strength vs. compressive strength. (Shafigh, Jumaat, Ahmud, Anjang and Hamid, 2012)
2.1.8.4.3. The ratio between the flexural strength and splitting strength:
2.1.8.4.3.1. For normal concrete:
An attempt was made to report the comparative analysis of the modulus of rupture and the splitting tensile strength of normal concrete by (Akinkurolere, 2010). The two properties were usually used to estimate the tensile strength of concrete; however, they didn’t usually yield the same results. Taguchi's optimization technique was employed to reduce the number of trials needed to get the results. The results showed that the splitting tensile strength ranged between 60-80% of the modulus of rupture which was also known as the flexural
Elastic strain region at small and big end of connecting rod is shown in figure no. 10. The maximum and minimum equivalent strain values are 0.00033975 and 2.1407e-10 respectively. Due to applied pressure there will be change in original dimensions of the connecting rod and hence strain developed can be
This is another property which relates the fatigue to tensile property of any material. It can be defined as the ratio of the endurance limit (Se) to the ultimate strength (Su) of the material of any structure. The value of fatigue ratio ranges from 0.25 to 0.60. It’s value solely depends upon the type of the material.
Issues of defective construction or failure of building had been occur since all time ago. Each of the cases of defective construction has their own reason and most of the reason is related to its building. The main causes of the structural failure are not come from the loading but it determine by the defective design of the building. Other than that, the inferior construction material also may be the reason since the loads are being calculated based on the material specification. Usually the failure which comes from material is due to the changes material that difference from the exactly material that should be used in the construction.
Checking the opening of cracks and stress limits, will not be required for concrete elements. When the tensile flexural stress exceeds the effective tensile strength fcteff, then a check for pre-stressed concrete is required. This should normally occur when sections do not have tendons near the tension face or there is no exposure to chlorides, so decompression doesn’t have to be checked. The analysis using uncracked section will be done in sections controlled for decompression and have tendons near the surface tension. As the cracked section analysis is done by computer, it solves the complexity of the calculations. However, this does not mean that pre-stressed cannot be calculated directly from a set of equations as with crack width checks for RC.
The structural torsional stiffness is calculated through finding the torque applied to the handle and dividing it by the angular deflection of the handle that is resulted from the torsional loading. It is expressed in term of Nm/degree of angular deflection. This calculation is shown below in figure 3.1
...tem Solutions) laboratories, Peenya Industrial area, Bangalore. During preprocessing, stress vs. strain curves (obtained from the tensile tests) are entered while defining standard piecewise linear rate dependent plasticity material models. The material properties of Aluminium alloy (Al6063-T6), SMC (Sheet Moulding Compound) and GMT (Glass Material Thermoplastic) are extracted from different journal papers during literature review. These material properties are required to be entered in Kinematic Hardening material model during the preprocessing stage. On the other hand, experimental rate of work decay is evaluated as area under force vs. displacement curve (obtained from three point bending tests). Experimental contributions made by few researchers in the field of high velocity impact crashes facilitated the specific energy absorption values for different materials
These include compression, tension, shear, bending, and torsion. Generally, some combination of these loading modes is present. The distribution of force within a body structure is known as mechanical stress. The nature and magnitude of stress determine the likelihood of injury to biological tissues.
The purposes of this lab were to determine a relationship between percent cold working and hardness, determine the effect cold working has on microstructure, and last but not least relate dislocation theory to the observed data. Determining the relationship between percent cold working and hardness involved using a cold roller and running our cartridge brass (70 wt.% Cu, 30 wt.% Zn) sample through it until the percent given was reached by each group. This is a good material because it is well suited to cold-forming because of its high strength and ductility. Each group was assigned a specific percent to reach. The percent’s were 0, 10, 20, 30 40, and 50 respectively. After our percent was given a top and bottom were decided and this was so the sample was ran through the same way every time. The percent cold work is found using this equation % CW = t1-t2/t1 * 100, multiplying by 100 to get the percent, t1 is the original thickness of the sample and t2 is the thickness after running it through.
The tough compact bone is not needed in the middle therefore compressive and tearing forces cancel each other out mid-way through the bone.
ement occupies approximately 50% of the mixed concrete volume and is responsible for physiomechanical properties of concrete. Cement production is essential to infrastructure and building construction, creating demands in very large quantities. Energy resources invested in the production process and resulting greenhouse gas emissions have become problematic. The cement production process has become among the world’s largest anthropogenic sources of carbon dioxide emissions, contributing to approximately 5% of global anthropogenic CO2 emissions, (WBCSD, 2009). Increased pressure is being placed on the industry to reduce CO2 emissions, owning to awareness regarding sustainability....
contains for stresses; there is a strong caesura in the middle of the lines and
Concrete is one of the world’s most popular construction materials. Some six billion tonnes of concrete is produced each year in the world, making it approximately one ton of concrete for every human being per year (Fardis, 2012, p.116). However, the lifecycle of concrete does not make it the most sustainable building material at the moment. Because of limited natural resources, concerns over green house gases, and landfill problems, concrete production is being cut-back, or at least cannot be increased to keep up with population increase. In this essay, I will look at what makes concrete an unsustainable material and possible solutions to make concrete a more sustainable material.
As my structure is an open spandrel Arch bridge that is made up of Reinforced concrete i.e. concrete as well as steel reinforcement hence it can be benefited by using unconventional concrete that is High Strength or High Performance concrete (HSC or HPC). HSC is that concrete which satisfies all the requisites in terms of all the critical fabrication and utilization at the lowest possible cost.It is a new type of concrete that needed unconventional techniques and componenets.It offers high strength as well as durability to the structure.
Reinforced concrete is stronger than basic concrete. Steel reinforcing bars known as rebar is incorporated in the concrete structure to act together in resisting the force. The steel reinforcing bars absorbs tensile and compression because plain conc...
Most people may not realise but concrete plays a vital part in our lives daily. It shapes and creates the built environment in which we are surrounded by, such as schools, bridges, roads, housing, hospitals, dams and so much mores. Concrete is the most used man made material in the world, averaging around 3 tonnes annually for each person. In comparison with other building materials such as wood, steel, plastic and aluminium, over twice as much concrete is used globally than any of these materials. It is the material choice of most purposes due to its strength, durability, thermal mass and its cost.