Soils can be taken account as the largest pool of actively cycling carbon in terrestrial ecosystems (Jobbágy and Jackson, 2000; Janzen, 2004). In addition, the inventory of soil organic matter (SOM) and the evaluation of processes involving its transport are needed for greenhouse gas inventories and carbon mitigation (Ravindranath and Ostwald, 2008). The restoring soil carbon is indispensable to improving soil quality, sustaining food production, maintaining clean water, and decreasing rises in atmospheric CO2 (Lal, 2004). The magnitude and variation of soil organic carbon (OC) stocks is deeply connected to various factors, including temperature, moisture, organic carbon structure, texture, soil type and topography (natural factors) (Parton et al., 1987, Tan et al., 2004) , land use type, and management intensity ( human activities). (Tan et al., 2004; Mou et al., 2005; Somaratne et al., 2005; Von Lützow et al., 2006). Appropriate assessment of the spatial variability pattern and reserves of SOC, especially at national and sub-national scales, is an essential step when evaluating sequestration potentials (Liu et al., 2011). The world SOC reserves has been projected to be about 1400–1500 Pg Carbon at a depth of 100 cm soil layer (Post et al., 1982; Eswaren et al., 1993; Batjes, 1996), which is around twice the amount of C in the atmosphere and three times the amount stored in terrestrial vegetation (Smith, 2004). On the other hand, annual soil carbon sequestration is 0.4 to 1.2 Pg C year−1 in the world scale that these values is equivalent to 6% to 20% of the annual CO2 which release from the combustion of fossil fuel (Lal, 2004; Houghton, 2005). Therefore, control of spatial variability of SOC can be investigated as potentially pr...
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...spatial heterogeneity of surface soil properties has in ecosystem functioning, few studies have described the spatial heterogeneity of SOC in Golestan province and their relations with topography and different slope position loessial hillslope lands of northen Iran. However, just few studies on the spatial variability of soil organic carbon in farmland are available (Ayoubi et al, 2007).
In summary, accessibility to OC budget requires sustainable agricultural development, preservation and restoration of ecosystems. Despite little information is available at hillslope spatial scales and efficiency of different slope position is still unclear. The objectives of this paper were 1) to estimate soil organic carbon content and reveal the spatial heterogeneity of SOC at different parts of hillslope and 2) to compare the results of Geostatistical models in estimation of OC.
Foliage Projective Cover (FPC) is a measure of vegetation density represented by the percentage of ground covered by photosynthetic overstorey foliage (Scarth, Armston & Danaher 2008). As changes in FPC over time can indicate land clearing, the Statewide Landcover and Trees Study (SLATS) was initiated in Queensland to provide quantitative data to assess the related greenhouse gas emissions (Goulevitch, Danaher & Walls 1999). Originally SLATS used Landsat TM imagery to predict FPC across Queensland and New South Wales, but recently adopted SPOT 5 imagery (Flood et al. 2013; Kuhnell et al. 1998). SPOT and Landsat FPC Products have been found to differ for some land cover types (Phinn 2014).
Of course, you can’t forget the abiotic factors! Basically, just telling a bit more about the landscape. First, we have the physical features. The landscape of the slope impacts plant growth, hurts natural ecosystems by erosion, and unfortunately destroys the homes of animals. Although, animals and structures adapt to the slopes. T...
A very interesting statistic is how long lived trees add to terrestrial sequestration.. For example, over the 70-year life span of a 410-acre grove of trees planted for a terrestrial sequestration project, over 70,000 tons of carbon dioxide will be sequestered.
As we have observed throughout the centuries, colonialism has immensely shaped the majority of countries of modern society. In the essay “The Impact of Colonization and Western Assimilation on Health and Wellbeing of Canadian Aboriginal People”, Cathy MacDonald & Audrey Steenbeek developed significant points that reflect as connections to the essay “Virgin Soils Revisited” emphasizing the devastating impact colonialism has had on the wellbeing and health initiatives imposed on the Native Americans and the Aboriginal people of Canada to this day. Both indigenous populations have endured the hardships of poor health, racial issues such as oppression, and cultural assimilations due to the long-lasting effects of colonialism.
There are lots of natural processes constantly happening all around us, these processes are often linked by passing one type of atom to the next process which passes the same atom to the next one and so on. This ‘passing of the atom’ along a chain of processes is called a cycle, the series of processes in which the carbon atom goes through is called the carbon cycle. Each Carbon is the fourth most affluent element in the universe and is an important part of most molecules that make up most of the world’s natural resources and organic matter, which is why the carbon cycle is one of the most important cycles on earth. Through-out the cycle, carbon can become several different forms such as sugar, oil, diamond and marble. Processes such as photosynthesis, combustion and the compression of the earth play key roles in changing, containing and releasing carbon. All the chemical reactions and processes and forms carbon creates are part of the carbon cycle, which is one of the most important cycle on earth. The majority of carbon on earth is in the atmosphere the rest is stored in rocks, fossil fuels, oceans, plants and soil. Carbon is constantly being added to the atmosphere, the most common forms being carbon dioxide and methane gas. At the same time it’s being removed by plants on land and in the oceans. Carbon can be stored for hundreds of years in sediment, fossil fuels, rocks and the ocean. The carbon in the atmosphere is almost always a compound called carbon dioxide.
How does rice cultivation affect the biome it’s grown in and the world? Rice cultivation affects the natural biome in a n...
The Riparian forest Tulare Lake and other landscapes in the Valley have diminished as the population grew (class lecture, Richaud, 2018). If the population growth is to continue as expected, the Central Valley will lose the good soil that is necessary for
Take, for example, that livestock agriculture and the plant-based agriculture specifically used for feeding that livestock utilizes 30 percent of land on Earth. With crops in high demand to feed the many animals that are slaughtered or otherwise used by humans, it's been found that the soil has lost a great deal of its nutritional value and has eroded to the point that, in the United States, nearly 33 percent of topsoil is diminished.
But what is the connection between a land area and your annual production of carbon dioxide (via driving) or your yearly dietary needs? Well it is pretty simple, according to Mathis Wackernagel and William Rees, authors of the must-read entitled, Our Ecological Footprint. All humans require land area for two fundamental purposes. First, land (or ocean) provides the materials that people need to live, such as food, wood, aluminum, etc. Second, land (or ocean) must also absorb and recycle the waste that our species produces. Since human life necessitates the use of resources as well as the production of waste, each one of us requires a certain acreage for our survival. But...
The next category is largely influenced by the climate. The Humid Continental, Marine West Coast, and Mediterranean are the climate types in the region have 125-250 people per square mile. People tend to favor and migrate to these climates rather than the cold tundra and highland climates. The dominant soil is alfisols, which is generally a fertile agricultural soil. Another reason for the amount of people in this category is that there are not large mountain ranges or physical obstacles that could hinder living environments.
Farmers will take account of physical conditions at a local scale when considering which crops to grow. For example, the Moray coast in NE Scotland between Elgin and Lossiemouth is a rich agricultural area where winters are relatively mild and summers averaging 17oC, rainfall occurs throughout the year and is typically 600mm. There are a variety of soils but mainly glacial sandy loams on the higher ground and alluvial soils where there were once areas of open marshy conditions.
The IPCC Working Group I Fourth Assessment Report reports that since pre-industrial times until 2005, Land Use and Land Cover Change (LULCC) led to a decrease in RF of 0.2 [± 0.2] W m-2 due to an increase in Earth’s albedo (Salomon et al. 2007). The magnitude of the LULCC-induced decrease in RF is comparable to the effect of some anthropogenic long-lived greenhouse gases in the atmosphere (e.g., nitrous oxide). The increase in Earth’s albedo is mainly ascribable to deforestation and modification of land for agricultural use (Foster et al. 2007). However, the effect of the LULCC on RF embodies the contribution of urbanization since it is not trivial to isolate...
Plants take carbon in the form of carbon dioxide during the process of photosynthesis and release it during the process of respiration hence creating a balance in the percentage of carbon dioxide in the atmospheric region. Studies have shown the amount of carbon produced in the biological cycle is 1000 times more than in geological cycle. (Pachauri,
It affects the efficiency of soil aggregation which a combination between soil particles and cation. SOC is the carbon from organic matter. Aggregate stability is very closely with the organic carbon content. The organic matter appears to be a predominant indicator of aggregate stability. SOC is assumed to stabilize aggregate against disruptive process by two major actions. First, organic matter increase the cohesion of aggregate, through the binding of mineral particles by organic polymer or through the physical enmeshment of particles by fine roots, fungal hyphae or cynobacteria (Tisdall and Oedes, 1982). Second, organic matters decrease the wettability of aggregate by slowing their rate of wetting and thus extent of slaking (Chenu et al.,
Soil is the most important non-renewable resource on any farm. Healthy soil is key to a good