The rates of microbial decomposition, amount of organic material inputs, and the capability organic matter retain in the soil influenced the accumulation of SOM. Extension rate of decomposition is depending on the quality of the plant residue. Simple sugars content labile C compounds degrade rapidly to CO2 meanwhile lignin is more complicated to degrade. Most microorganisms do not have the capability to degrade lignin completely. The incomplete degradation products will initially promote to soil organic matter. Decomposition ability usually showed by C:N ratio while Lignin:N ratio used to appraise organic matter decomposition. Lows decomposition and immobilizes N; show by reading ratio more than 30 while below 20, N will freely moves and lets the microorganism to proceed degradation.
Decomposition of plant material and soil organic matter by microorganisms is influenced by climate. Reported by Linn et al., 1984, temperature and soil water content are important aspects in microbial activity. Microbial activity doubles (Q10 = 2) for every 10oC temperature increase and optimal microbial activity happen at near “field
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It affects the efficiency of soil aggregation which a combination between soil particles and cation. SOC is the carbon from organic matter. Aggregate stability is very closely with the organic carbon content. The organic matter appears to be a predominant indicator of aggregate stability. SOC is assumed to stabilize aggregate against disruptive process by two major actions. First, organic matter increase the cohesion of aggregate, through the binding of mineral particles by organic polymer or through the physical enmeshment of particles by fine roots, fungal hyphae or cynobacteria (Tisdall and Oedes, 1982). Second, organic matters decrease the wettability of aggregate by slowing their rate of wetting and thus extent of slaking (Chenu et al.,
In her book, Dorothy Crawford gives biographies of the history of microbes which have brought humans diseases on a large scale. These include epidemics like yellow fever, tuberculosis, smallpox, acute respiratory syndrome, bubonic plague, syphilis HIV, the Black Death, malaria and cholera. It is worth to point out that her work is up to date because most of these microbes are still with us in this era. Crawford uses the historical bibliography of humans experience with microbes to show a fact that microbes shaped our culture through infection, disease, and pandemic. At the same time, the ever changing human culture has also largely influenced the evolutionary nature of microbes.
Bacteria play a large role in our health, the environment, and most aspects of life. They can be used in beneficial ways, such as decomposing wastes, enhancing fertilizer for crops, and breaking down of substances that our bodies cannot. However, many bacteria can also be very harmful by causing disease. Understanding how to identify bacteria has numerous applications and is incredibly important for anyone planning to enter the medical field or begin a career in research. Having the background knowledge of identifying an unknown bacteria may one day aid healthcare professionals diagnose their patient with a particular bacterial infection or help researchers determine various clinical, agricultural, and numerous other uses for bacteria.
within the soil. In this experiment, the liberation of ammonia is being employed as an indicator. Other components being utilized play a vital role in controlling the conditions of the experiment, as the THAM buffer, and the limitation of microbial activity, through toluene. The control experiment is crucial as it eliminates the addition of ammonia content being released by other sources within the soil into the final reading, providing accurate data.
Microbiology is the study of organisms that are too small to be seen by the naked eye. These living organisms, known as microorganisms, are believed to be the cause of infectious diseases long before they were discovered. My interest in microorganisms stems from personal experience with the impacts they have on every aspect of human life. Microbiology is a crucial area of knowledge and study in life sciences, and research continues to aid us in understanding the world the around us.
Pigments produced by microorganisms has been used to dye fabrics of different types. Talaromyces verruculosus produce a red colored pigment which is suitable to dye cotton and is harmless. Pigments from microorganisms give different types of shades of a color. For instance; Janthinobacterium lividum produce a pigment which gives purplish-blue shade to different types of fabrics. Thermomyces produce a yellow pigment used to dye number of fabrics specifically silk. NP2 and NP$ strains of Streptomyces produce dark blue and red colored pigments. Among retaining dye of microbial strains cotton fabric were stained comparatively weak while acrylic and polyamide fibers stained strongly.
Rastogi, G. and Sani, R.K. (2011) 'Chapter 2 :Molecular Techniques to Assess Microbial Community Structure, Function, and Dynamics in the Environment', in Ahmad, I., Ahmad, F. and Pichtel, J. (ed.)Microbes and Microbial Technology. California, USA: Springer Science, pp. 29-57.
The main factors that affect the composition of gut microbial are age, diet, antibiotic use and genetics. These factors change the gut microbiota by changing the selective environment of the gut. Although we can gain new gut microbes during our life, most of the changes that occur are changes in the relative abundance of the microbes already in our guts. We start with a sterile gut and gain microbes during and after birth. At birth, infants show a low diversity of microbes which are experimentally shown to be associated with their mode of delivery. The intestinal microbiota of infants delivered through the vagina contain microbes present in the mother’s vagina and feces. These microbes are usually of the Lactobacillus and
Staphylococcus aureus is the most known bacteria since the 1800s. It is derived from the commonly known genus staphylococci, which has over 20 different known species. Staphylococcus aureus species is the most dangerous of all the strains of staphylococcal bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common cause of staph infections and is the third most common cause of infections in the newborn nursery and surgical wards. [1] It is a primary cause of skin and soft tissue infections such as boils, furuncles, and cellulitis. The prominence of staphylococcus aureus as a serious health concern in hospitals, communities and jails has prompted extensive studies of the bacteria.
...ge, the leaves will dry up and eventually fall to the ground creating producing the nutrients to the soil.
Moisture acts as a catalyst so that lower temperatures can be used so that it can coagulate and denature the proteins of the microbes, which results in their destruction. An example from Frey K. B., & Ross T. (2014) is when Geobacillus stearothermophillus spores are killed in 250°F within 12 minutes with the aid of moisture, while the absence of moisture will kill this same spore in 6 hours at the same temperature (Frey K. B., & Ross, T., 2014, p. 162).
Microbial decomposition releases nutrients into the environment that are needed by other organisms. Microbes are also involved in the cycling of many other important compounds in — and between — ecosystems, including oxygen, carbon and nitrogen. Many microbes use the energy of sunlight to convert carbon dioxide to oxygen, which we need to breathe. As they do this, they create new organic material — themselves — which are then eaten by other organisms. In this way, the cycling of nutrients and energy
Leboffe, M. J., & Pierce, B. E. (2010). Microbiology: Laboratory Theory and Application, Third Edition 3rd Edition (3rd Ed.). Morton Publishing
Composting process as a means of bioremediating the harmful waste can be assessed in terms of its hygienic aspect since the effect of its quality is indicative of its essentiality and feasibility in the environment. Hygienic relevance of composting is primarily related to the microbes functioning as composters, the dust aerosols in the ambient air of the compost pile, and the type, concentration and state of the waste to be degraded. In terms of its hygienic feature, the compost may pose threat to human health as it generates immune response in living systems possibly triggered by leftover microbes, dust and target compounds to be treated in the compost matter. Although many of the toxins and pathogens are diminished to a great number, the presence of pathogens in the compost might be able to contaminate the food chain as plants get into contact with it. Composting is an acknowledged pathogen reducing technique, but certainly not an eradication system. Also the management of the process and heterogeneous pile conditions in compost may pose particular challenge concerning the biosafety of this process. Composting has been successfully adopted but enough biological research is lacking on the biosecurity of this process. Accordingly regarding the microbial profile of the compost, the experimental studies and characterization of microbes with respect to hygienic relevance by various scientists are discussed and reviewed as under.
In this experiment, the variable that was changed was temperature. Temperature is one significant factor that affects the growth of bacteria. Each bacterial culture has its own minimal, maximal and optimal temperatures. Bacteria thrive at their optimum temperature and are only able to survive between their minimum and maximum temperatures. If the temperature is significantly higher than the maximum temperature, the bacteria will be destroyed and this process is irreversible.
Microclimates nurture wide varieties of plants and animals. Preivously it was established that microclimate is important to plant for different activities like germination, growth and reproduction.Necessary to plant species for germination, growth and ecological processes, such as photosynthesis, evapotranspiration, nutrient cycling (Rosenberg et al., 1983). Biotic and abiotic process rates are effected by soil temperature and moisture, such as nutrient availability, soil carbon sequestratio, and microbial activity (Fisher and Binkley, 2000). Active microbes and invertebrates along with high temperature and moisture, can also lead to a faster litter decomposition and thus enhance vegetation (Godefroid et al., 2006).