3. The sodium-potassium pump transports sodium out of and potassium into the cell in a repeating cycle of shape changes. In each cycle, three sodium ions exit the cell, while two potassium ions enter. To begin, the pump is open to the inside of the cell. In this form, the pump really likes to bind the sodium ions and will take up three. When the sodium ions bind, they trigger the pump to break down the ATP. The pump then changes shape, re-orienting itself so it opens towards the extra space. In this confirmation, the pump no longer likes to bind to sodium ions, so the three sodium ions are released outside the cell. Then in its outward-facing form, the pump switches and will now bind potassium ions. It will bind two of them, and this triggers
In the beginning phases of muscle contraction, a “cocked” motor neuron in the spinal cord is activated to form a neuromuscular junction with each muscle fiber when it begins branching out to each cell. An action potential is passed down the nerve, releasing calcium, which simultaneously stimulates the release of acetylcholine onto the sarcolemma. As long as calcium and ATP are present, the contraction will continue. Acetylcholine then initiates the resting potential’s change under the motor end plate, stimulates the action potential, and passes along both directions on the surface of the muscle fiber. Sodium ions rush into the cell through the open channels to depolarize the sarcolemma. The depolarization spreads. The potassium channels open while the sodium channels close off, which repolarizes the entire cell. The action potential is dispersed throughout the cell through the transverse tubule, causing the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release
Throughout world civilization, numerous empires have dominated geographical areas with powerful military forces, effective rulers and strong economy’s. However, majority of the worlds empires have declined after centuries of dominance. The most significant similarity in all of the worlds empires is the greed of expansion. History has proven this significance to result in the falling of great empires. When empires fall, new ones are established and this is the process known as the dynastic cycle. The dynastic cycle is based off the different dynasties that once ruled China, however, the process can be used with the rise, fall and replacement of other empires. The dynastic cycle has occurred in the once dominant Ottoman empire, that dominated in Europe and the Middle East for nearly 500 years and also the Russian empire (1721-1917).
The peristaltic pump is a kind of positive displacement pump which force the fluid by controlling the fixed the fixed quantity and forcing the volume of the captured volume into the drain. When the suction side cavity expands, the fluid flows into the pump. When the cavity collapses, the fluid flow out of the outlet. The flexible tube is the only pumping element of the peristaltic pump. Due to the only
Every day we use our skeletal muscle to do simple task and without skeletal muscles, we will not be able to do anything. Szent-Gyorgyi (2011) muscle tissue contraction in rabbit’s muscles and discovered that ATP is a source for muscle contraction and not ADP. He proposed a mechanism to cellular respiration and was later used by Sir Hans Krebs to investigate the steps to glucose catabolism to make ATP. In this paper, I will be discussing the structure of muscle fibers and skeletal muscles, muscle contraction, biomechanics, and how glucose and fat are metabolized in the skeletal muscles.
The pump exchanges three sodium molecules for two potassium molecules. In doing so an electrical gradient is formed across the basolateral membrane of the cell due to the imbalance of charge generated. The interior of the cell is negative by about 80mV in relation to the outside...
Black Star, composed of MC’s Mos Def and Talib Kweli, are joined by fellow rapper Common in their 1998 song “Respiration” to expose the decaying urban and societal conditions in their respective cities of Brooklyn and Chicago. Each artist paints a brilliant picture of their surroundings and deals with various issues which plague their communities. Mos Def’s verse is particularly well-written; in it he highlights the growing economic inequality, daily struggles of the inner city poor, and the overriding nature of the his city.
a. Na+ gates open, and K+ gates begin to open. Sodium ions rush into the cell according to the dictates of diffusion.
Before I learn about Bobbie Haro’s Cycle, I didn’t know socialization is a big part of my life. For example, when my classmates think I’m Japanese because of the way I look. After learning about the cycle I realize my identity is by the people I grew up with. Second example is my parents gave me my Chinese identity and in temple I am taught to be a good individual. This illustrate an example of Harro’s socialization enforcement. Now I understand what it means and why it happens. Lastly, another example of my socialization is being a female, as a female I have limitations. I am socialized to think I have those barriers through media. For example, on television at night the girl is walking and gets kidnapped by a man. It’s scary that I always
In osmosis, water can travel in three different ways. If the molecules outside the cell are lower than the concentration in the cytosol, the solution is said to be hypotonic to the cytosol, in this process, water diffuses into the cell until equilibrium is established. If the molecules outside the cell are higher than the concentration in the cytosol, the solution is said to be hypertonic to the cytosol, in this process, water diffuses out of the cell until equilibrium exists. If the molecules outside and inside the cell are equal, the solution is said to be isotonic to the cytosol, in this process, water diffuses into and out of the cell at equal rates, causing no net movement of water. In osmosis the cell is selectively permeable, meaning that it only allows certain substances to be transferred into and out of the cell.
Osmosis is the facilitated diffusion of water across the cell membrane of a cell. The inside layer of the cell membrane is hydrophilic, meaning water cannot easily pass through the membrane. The cell membrane has to have aquaporins, which are water channel proteins, that move the water across the membrane. If there is a water and salt solution outside the cell, the salt can enter the cell by diffusion, but the cell membrane is not permeable to the water. Because there is more solute solution inside the cell, there is less water. The aquaporins move the water across the membrane until equilibrium is reached.
The occurrence of action potential is a very short process. When action potential occurs in the neuron the sodium channels open along the axon and sodium comes in. Because the sodium is positive it make the inside of the axon positive. When both the inside and outside are comparative in charge the sodium storms rushing in and starts the depolarization of the action potential. After this happens the sodium channels begin to close and the potassium channels begin to ...
In life, it is critical to understand what substances can permeate the cell membrane. This is important because the substances that are able to permeate the cell membrane can be necessary for the cell to function. Likewise, it is important to have a semi-permeable membrane in the cell due to the fact that it can help guard against harmful items that want to enter the cell. In addition, it is critical to understand how water moves through the cell through osmosis because if solute concentration is unregulated, net osmosis can occur outside or inside the cell, causing issues such as plasmolysis and cytolysis. The plasma membrane of a cell can be modeled various ways, but dialysis tubing is especially helpful to model what substances will diffuse or be transported out of a cell membrane. The experiment seeks to expose what substances would be permeable to the cell membrane through the use of dialysis tubing, starch, glucose, salt, and various solute indicators. However, before analyzing which of the solutes (starch, glucose, and salt) is likely to pass through the membrane, it is critical to understand how the dialysis tubing compares to the cell membrane.
If a cell that is hypotonic is placed into a solution that is hypertonic water will begin to flow into the cell through osmosis. Once the ratio of water to solute is equal on both sides of the membrane, an isotonic solution has been created. In this type of situation there is no net gain or loss of water, water is naturally moving in and out of the cell without changing the continents on either side of the membrane. This easy flow of water allows a cell to obtain equilibrium within the solution without the use of energy.
The neuron has two important structures called the dendrite and axon, also called nerve fibers. The dendrites are like tentacles that sprout from the cell and the axon is one long extension of the cell. The dendrites receive signals from other neurons, while the axon sends impulses to other neurons. Axons can extend to more than a meter long. Average sized neurons have hundreds of dendrites; therefore it can receive thousands of signals simultaneously from other neurons. The neuron sends impulses by connection the axon to the dendrites of another nerve cell. The synapse is a gap between the axon and the adjacent neuron, which is where data is transmitted from one neuron to another. The neuron is negatively charged and it bathes in fluids that contain positively charged potassium and sodium ions. The membrane of the neuron holds negatively charged protein molecules. The neuron has pores called ion channels to allow sodium ions to pass into the membrane, but prevent the protein molecules from escaping (potassium ions can freely pass through the membrane since the ion channels mostly restrict sodium ions). When a neuron is stimulated (not at rest), the pores open and the sodium ions rush in because of its attraction to the negatively charged protein molecules, which makes the cell positively charged. As a result, potential energy is released and the neurons send electrical impulses through the axon until the impulse reaches the synapse of any neurons near it.
6. I then rinsed out the beaker and glass rod into the flask to make