Background and aim : Skeletal muscle is reduced in various chronic disease states resulting in sarcopenia. Sarcopenia is an objective and measurable clinical marker for malnutrition. Slice-O- Matic has been used to measure skeletal muscle from computed tomography (CT) images. However, it is expensive and not easily available. In this study, we measure skeletal muscle mass from CT images using Adobe Photoshop and compare it to Slice-O-Matic in order to realiably validate a novel and more cost-effective alternative.
Methods : Fifty patients with abdominal CT scans were chosen from a database of liver cirrhosis patients. Given its significance in malnutrition, the image slice at the L4- L5 inter-vertebral space was selected. The skeletal muscles at this level (erector spinae, psoas major, rectus abdominus, quadratus lumborum and external and internal oblique muscles) were highlighted and selected using both Slice-O-Matic and Adobe Photoshop. The skeletal muscle area was then calculated using both softwares by two independent observers and the results were compared.
Results : There was excellent agreement between skeletal muscle area measured by Adobe Photoshop and Slice-O-Matic (Observer 1: r = 0.964, p< 0.01. Further testing
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All patients had recent abdominal CT scans. Four to five contiguous transverse image slices obtained at 1 cm intervals between the level of the 4th and 5th lumbar vertebrae were obtained after carefully counting down from the twelfth rib and the image with clearest delineation of both the skeletal muscles and the spinous processes of L5 vertebrae were chosen for image analysis. Sample size was calculated according to a power (1-β) at 95 % confidence intervals with less than 1% Type 1
One of the most important muscles in both a mink and a human are those of the arms and shoulders because of their involvement with movement. One of the primal movers of arm abduction along the frontal plane is the deltoid muscle found in both minks and humans. In both species, deltoid muscles allow for the abduction of the humerus. The next two muscles are the biceps brachii and its opposing muscle the triceps brachii. The biceps brachii consists of two heads, which arise from the scapula and join to form a single muscle that ends upon the upper forearm. The most important functions of the biceps brachii are the supination of the forearm and the flexing of the elbow. The triceps brachii on the other hand extends the forearm in both minks and humans and has three heads as opposed to two in its antagonist biceps brachii (Scott). The origin of the triceps brachii is also from the scapula like the biceps brachii. In a mink, the extensor digitorium originates on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus yet in humans it is present in the posterior forearm and is responsible for extending the phalanges, wrist, and elbow in both species. Anothier muscle with similar functions to the extensor digitorium is the flexor carpi ulnaris but instead it is soley responsible for flexin...
This report will explore the structure and function of skeletal muscle within the human body. There are three muscle classifications: smooth (looks smooth), cardiac (looks striated) and skeletal (looks striated). Smooth muscle is found within blood vessels, the gut and the intestines; it assists the movement of substances by contracting and relaxing, this is an involuntary effort. The heart is composed of cardiac muscle, which contracts rhythmically nonstop for the entire duration of a person’s life and again is an involuntary movement of the body. The main focus of this report is on skeletal muscle and the movement produced which is inflicted by conscious thought unless there is a potentially harmful stimulus and then reaction is due to reflex, as the body naturally wants to protect itself. Skeletal muscle is found attached to bones and when they contract and relax they produce movement, there is a specific process that the muscle fibers go through to allow this to occur.
Sarcopenia is one of many diagnoses from Mr. F’s medical chart. I know the purpose of this assignment isto focus on sarcopenia. However, I have to admit, I find this task quite challenging. The ultimate goal of my treatment is to engage Mr. F in “occupations” and purposeful activities. I not only address one specific diagnosis, but also his individual physical, emotional, cognitive performance as well as his environment. To me the ICF model offers dynamic understanding of disability not as individual diagnosis but an intricate weave of personal, social and environmental factors. I agree that treatment of sarcopenia for Mr. F is important. The changes in muscle properties and performance have significant effects on his ability to engage in meaningful occupations. However, increased muscle mass would never be the primary focus of my treatment. The desired outcome of my intervention would improve his occupational performance in self-care activities and functional mobility allowing him to return to his prior level of function, facilitating his satisfaction with his performance and improving his quality of life through role competence relating to husband and self-caregiver.
Obesity is a global problem (Tremolieres 1973; WHO 2000) (6). It increases numerous health risks including coronary heart disease, hypertension, stroke (WHO 2000) (7) and is a major risk factor for musculoskeletal pain (Nantel, Mathieu and Prince, 2011) (8) and osteoarthritis of weight bearing joints (WHO 2000; Felson et al, 2000) (9). Obesity rates are growing high every year and in the last 15 years twofold increase is recorded (10). Obesity is categorised on body mass index (BMI). Body mass index is used to measure obesity and is calculated by dividing a person’s weight (in kilograms) by the square of their height (in metres). Overweight is taken as BMI of 25 to 29.9kg/m2 and BMI...
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To begin, the principal method of measurement of the human body fat is the body-mass index (BMI) which is related to the weight and height values to obtain an average (Renneboog, 2014, para.6). The author still states that “these arbitrary designations do not take into account individual characteristics such as body shape or natural muscularity, nor do they apply to children or seniors” (Renneboog, 2014, para.6). However, BMI not always is accurate and presents some limitations in measurement of body fat, sometimes classifying people as obese when in fact they are not. Since BMI is not 100% trustable it is acceptable that “this is one factor which requires more attention in the use of the term “overweight” and “obese”” (Eaton & Clydesdale, 2014, para.10). Accordingly to Eaton & Clydesdale, 2014, “BMI has been used in numerous medical studies, but even the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in the United States realizes its limitations to directly measure body fat or muscle”. Finally, “it is accepted that the most accurate way to measure body fat is to weigh a person underwater or in a chamber that displaces air” (Eaton & Clydesdale, 2014, para.3). According to this same author, “there is another accurate test to measure human body fat, which is called the dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) test, uses X-rays to measure body fat” (Eaton & Clydesdale, 2014, para.3). The author
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Obesity is a problem of current magnitude in many technologically advanced countries and is becoming an increasing concern in developing countries, which have traditionally dealt with the problems of lack of nutrition. Obesity is a critical health problem for the reason that it’s a severe health issue, increased death risk, and associated social, psychological and economic costs goes with being obese. Globally obesity has doubled since 1980, 1.9 billion adults are overweight, out that 600 million adults are obese as of 2014 (Obesity and overweight, 2014). The past decade has seen a surge in the number of weight loss or Bariatric surgery done. The use of weight loss surgery is considered to be the most efficient way to treat obesity
Anatomically and functionally, muscle fiber can be divided into three types: skeletal, smooth and cardiac. Below we summarize in a table the different characteristics of each type of muscle fibe...
Anatomists, morphologists and biologists have tried to understand the way living creatures are living, and what they look like inside. Dr. Frourie in 1974 painfully cut organisms into thin slices, to study their internal arrangement to better understand them. Today, these people use CT scanners instead. It is a lot easier, less bloody, takes shorter time and the sample is not affected or destroyed during the procedure- the advantages are numerous. This technique enables us to visualize the inside of us humans, organisms or other objects in 3-D geometry.
Muscle tissues grow by means of physical activity in the same way they are able to become more well-defined (with regards to physical
There are different ways to determine your body composition and the risks that they involve. In this lab, body measurements are taken to find the body percent fat, waist-to-hip ratio, body mass index (BMI), and basal metabolic rate (BMR). Skin folds for the chest, abdomen, and thigh were taken for males, and triceps, iliac crest, and thigh for females. Age, height, and weight for each person were recorded as well as the waist and hip circumference.