The most common musculoskeletal disorder and a major cause of disability in people over 65 years is osteoarthritis (OA) (Felson DT et al, 1987) (1). According to World Health Organization (WHO) report, OA of knee is more likely to become the fourth most important cause of disability in women, and the eighth most important cause in men (Murray CJL, Lopez AD, 1997)(2) . Primary prevention of knee OA has become a major health care aim and a clear understanding of the risk factors is required to design preventive strategies. Many investigations reported obesity, previous history of knee injury, sedentary life style, hand OA (Heberden’s nodes), and a familial history of the disease are major risk factors for OA of knee (Cyrus Cooper et al, 2000) (3). In spite of recent advancements the causes and pathogenesis of knee OA remains largely unknown (A Teichtahl, A Wluka, F M Cicuttini, 2003) (4) but however there is increasing research interest in the contribution of biomechanical variables on progression and management of the disease (Andriacchi TP, 1991) (5).
Obesity is a global problem (Tremolieres 1973; WHO 2000) (6). It increases numerous health risks including coronary heart disease, hypertension, stroke (WHO 2000) (7) and is a major risk factor for musculoskeletal pain (Nantel, Mathieu and Prince, 2011) (8) and osteoarthritis of weight bearing joints (WHO 2000; Felson et al, 2000) (9). Obesity rates are growing high every year and in the last 15 years twofold increase is recorded (10). Obesity is categorised on body mass index (BMI). Body mass index is used to measure obesity and is calculated by dividing a person’s weight (in kilograms) by the square of their height (in metres). Overweight is taken as BMI of 25 to 29.9kg/m2 and BMI...
... middle of paper ...
...ase, has not been explored so far. The purpose of my research is to explore whether these responses are compromised prior to occurrence of osteoarthritis because of increased joint loading and poor neuromuscular responses. Despite recent advancements in characterising gait in obese adults, the current literature is lacking in comprehensive biomechanical studies that consider simultaneous neuromuscular responses (such as proprioception, quadriceps strength, range of motion) in lower limb joints that may contribute and initiate OA.
In this regard I hypothesise that altered biomechanics combined with poor neuromuscular responses in obese adult may have an association with OA. To the best of my knowledge there are no other studies that compared the knee biomechanics along with respective neuromuscular responses within non obese, obese and OA effected adult groups.
Nisell R. (1985) Mechanics of the knee: A study of joint and muscle load with clinical applications. Acta Orthop Scand 216; 1-42.
Ytterberg, S.R., Mahowald, M.L. & Krug, H.E.(1994) “Exercise for arthritis”, BailliOre' s Clinical Rheumatology, 8(1), pp. 161-189. ScienceDirect [Online]. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0950357905802304 (Accessed: 13th May 2014).
Have you ever been injured? By sports? If so, what injury did you have? Did you do active rehabilitation? Do you try to prevent injury when exercising? These are some questions that you might need to ask yourself when exercising or participating in sports. You also must know that there are many sports injuries as well as many ways to prevent them.
Obesity has affected the world in many ways: task forces have been formed to address the issue, people are suffering from health problems due to obesity, and others suffer from psychological and social issues. Nearly two-thirds of the United States population is overweight. There are several ways to determine if a person is obese or overweight. Experts say that a person’s body mass index is the best way to determine an adult’s weight in relation to their height. A BMI of 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2 is considered normal, adults with a BMI of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2 are considered overweight.
An Orthopedic Impairment is the most common of physical disabilities. A physical disability is any condition that interferes with how a child uses their body. An Orthopedic Impairment is defined as, “A bodily impairment that is severe enough to negatively affect a child’s educational performance” (education). Orthopedic Impairments are often separated into three main categories. These categories are neuromotor impairments, musculoskeletal disorders, and degenerative diseases. Although neuromotor impairments typically involves the brain and spinal cord, they can also affect a child’s ability to move, use, feel, or control certain parts of their body. Musculoskeletal disorders include diseases of the bones and muscles, such as limb deficiency or club-foot. Degenerative diseases affect a child’s motor skills such as muscular dystrophy. This is a group of genetic diseases in which muscle fibers are very vulnerable to damage. Some causes of orthopedic impairments can be genetics, injury, birth defects, disease, burns, fractures, cerebral palsy, and many other circumstances. Some examples of orthopedic impairments that may be caused by a birth defect are clubfoot, spina bifida, and absence of or malformation of one for more limbs. Some examples that may be caused by a disease consist of muscular dystrophy, arthritis, and childhood obesity. Other causes of orthopedic impairment may contain fractures, which cause stiff and/or immobile joints called contractures.
The primary outcome measurement of this study will be the overall Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), including all 5 subscales: pain, symptoms, activities of daily living, sport and recreation function, and knee-related quality of life (Appendix B). The KOOS is a 42-question, self-assessed Likert Scale questionnaire. Each subscale of the KOOS is scored on a scale from 0 to 100, indicating extreme symptoms to no symptoms, respectively. All 5 subscales of the KOOS test have been validated for knee OA and knee injuries that can lead to posttraumatic OA, including meniscal injuries, for both short-term and long-term outcomes.31,32 However, the KOOS test as a total score has not been validated, and thus the KOOS User Guide recommends averaging subscale scores to use as a primary outcome measure for RCTs. As such, the overall KOOS score will be calculated in this manner. All KOOS subscales will also be used individually as primary outcomes.
A major social justice -related problem that concerns me is the Take a Knee Movement. The take a Knee Movement was started by the football player Colin Kaepernick. Kaepernick started the movement to silently protest police brutally and racism against minorities. This movement only concerns me, because people think Kaepernick is disrespecting the American Flag. Take a Knee is not disrespecting the flag, but saying stop unfairly killing people of color. People of color helped make America a great Country. They deserve the same respect, dignity, trial, and fairness Caucasian people typically get. The take a knee movement has become a major protest in the NFL, and has now become in a movement WNBA. The Los Angeles Sparks stay in the locker room during the
These individuals include dancers, athletes and laborers. Consequently, by the age of 70, almost everyone is suffering from this condition in some form (Bienvenue, 2009). The main cause of bone spurs is the joint damage associated with osteoarthritis (Staff, Mayo Clinic, 2015). Osteoarthritis can begin without symptoms from age 20-30 and arises from the cartilage that covers the ends of the bones within joints being broken down and worn away (Bienvenue, 2009). In addition to age, excessive stress on parts of the body, and osteoarthritis, heredity, poor posture, and nutrition may also play a part in an individual developing bone spurs (Cedars-Sinai,
Almost everyone develops osteoarthrits as they age, some get it while in their fifties and in others it does not appear until their eighties. Osteoarthritis is the most common form that affects older people; this form of the disease wears down the cartilage mostly through overuse and injury but there are other causes. This specific form of the disease causes the cartilage to break down and the bones to rub against each other. Deformity and swelling occurs because knobs of hardened bits of cartilage develop in the joint. It forms especially if a joint has been injured many times.
Lee SE, Cho SH. The effect of McConnell taping on vastus medialis and lateralis activity during squatting in adults with patellofemoral pain syndrome. Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation. 2013;9(2):326-330
Perruccio A, Lohmander L, Canizares M, Tennant A, Hawker G, Conaghan P, et al. The Development of a Short Measure of Physical Function for Knee OA - KOOS-Physical Function Short-form (KOOS-PS) – An OARSI/OMERACT Initiative. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2008; 16(5):
Although many individuals are uncertain about the increasing statistics associated with obesity, more than seventy percent of men and virtually sixty-two percent of women within the United States adult population are overweight or obese (Wilmore, Costill, & Kenney). Obesity refers to the condition of having an excessive amount of body fat. If an individual’s amount of body fat becomes too excessive, he/she is at a much greater risk of developing life-altering diseases such as heart failure, hypertension, type II diabetes, cancer, gallbladder disease, osteoarthritis, etc. (Wilmore, et al., 2008).
An ankle fracture is a break in one or more of the three bones that make up the ankle joint. The ankle joint is made up by the lower (distal) sections of your lower leg bones (tibia and fibula) along with a bone in your foot (talus). Depending on how bad the break is and if more than one ankle joint bone is broken, a cast or splint is used to protect and keep your injured bone from moving while it heals. Sometimes, surgery is required to help the fracture heal properly.
The purpose of the squat is to train the muscles around the knees and hip joints, as well as to develop strength in the lower back, for execution of basic skills required in many sporting events and activities of daily living. Because a strong and stable knee is extremely important to an athlete or patient’s success, an understanding of knee biomechanics while performing the squat is helpful to therapists, trainers, and athletes alike (11). Because most activities of daily living require the coordinated contraction of several muscle groups at once, and squatting (a multi-joint movement) is one of the few strength training exercises that is able to effectively recruit multiple muscle groups in a single movement, squats are considered one of the most functional and efficient weight-bearing exercises whether an individual’s goals are sport specific or are for an increased quality of life
Obesity occurs in all countries and it is one of the gravest problems in modern society. Obesity problems have become one matter of concern for individuals all around the world. What is more is that Obesity rates continue to rise all around the world. One of the chief causes is unhealthy diets. Obesity is also due to lack of exercise and lack of education and awareness. Therefore obesity has various effects including the risk of suffering from a range of health conditions, increased expenditure on health care and lack of self-esteem.