Malaria is an important public health disease endemic in over a hundred countries globally. About 90% of malaria deaths occur in Africa with a child dying every forty five seconds. Malaria accounts for 16% of child deaths in the Africa (Remme, Binka & Nabarro 2001) and 7% of deaths in children worldwide (WHO 2010). It is a disease of poverty, causing significant constraint to the economic growth of susceptible nations (WHO 2010; Sachs, Malaney 2002). Globally, numerous malaria control programmes have been initiated to eliminate and eradicate the disease. In this context, eradication refers to a reduction in the global incidence of malaria to zero, such that its does not require any further control interventions. Elimination refers to a reduction in the incidence of malaria to a level that doesn’t constitute any significant public health burden, but still requires some form of control and surveillance (Heymann 2006). One limitation towards elimination and eradication of malaria is resistance. Resistance occurs when the efficacy of a control measure is reduced due to prolonged exposure of the malaria parasite and /or vector to sub-therapeutic doses of an intervention (Hemingway, Field & Vontas 2002).
The Roll Back Malaria (RBM) initiative was established in 1998 to strengthen health systems in malaria endemic countries and ensure that effective treatment and prevention tools are available and accessible. (Nabarro, Tayler 1998)
This paper will evaluate critically RBM’s use of Insecticide Treated Nets (ITN's) in Africa, examine the health promotion model underpinning its implementation and highlight the successes and failures associated with the programme.
Aims and Objectives of RBM:
RBM is a partnership of over ninety organ...
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The link between malaria and its causes has not been clearly defined, yet can largely be inferred based on the information in the colonial reports. Most colonial sources claim that rainfall is solely responsible for and directly correlated to the intensity of a Malaria outbreak in any given year. However, it becomes clear even throug...
Onwujekwe , Chima, and Okonkwo (2000) showed that the average expenditure of each household per month on malaria treatment was $1.84, which accounted for 49.87% of curative health care costs incurred by the households. In a similar study, Russell (2004) found that direct malaria cost burden was 2.9% of household income per month. Studies in Africa also showed that indirect cost based on travel time, lost labour time for adults with malaria attack or those who have to stay off work to care for children among others, make up more than 75% of total household malaria costs. Malaria tends to reduce education funds capability and has effects on school attendance (Malaney, Spielman, & Sachs,
Mary Louise Fleming, E. P. (2009). Introduction to Public Health. Chatswood, NSW, Australia: Elsevier Australia.
I grew up in a small island call Haiti, along with the Dominican Republic it's makes the Hispaniola. This small island has faced many health difficulties since it's existence. Recently, they were faced with Ebola, a deadly disease that began in West Africa. In 2010, Haiti had a brutal earthquake that left many in despair. To this day the aftermath of this natural disaster is causing sickness, lack of food, no shelter and much more. A health epidemic in Haiti for a while now is Malaria, which is an infection/disease that is caused by Anopheles mosquitoes who feeds on humans. The name Anopheles come Greek meaning “Not profit” or useless. This mosquito has cause severe damage to the human race. To further explain how the infection affects the
In likeness to Aids, the malaria virus can be in your body for up to
In Nigeria the use of the community in furthering the prevention of malaria had a positive impartation of administering drugs as well as tents to the citizens. As of 2010 Malawi’s efforts of prevention and treatment of malaria in pregnant women made positive goals more than half of their citizens underwent preventative utilizations such as nets as well as doses. Both countries exhibited strategic plans of making the impact of malaria less in its citizens, addressing malaria in pregnant women living in malaria-endemic countries have been of particular interest to many National Malaria Control Programs because of the reduced immunity in pregnancy, many case studies have been conducted over the years. The control of Malaria still remains a prevalent issue in the 45 countries in Africa where it is considered and endemic, Nigeria being among the 45 inhibiting over 500 million at
Health promotion is a multifaceted movement with a core value on respect, empowerment, equity, inclusion and social justice (MacDougall 2002). Aims to achieve holistic health, while it is influenced by medical and social determinants. These determinants which aids to deter...
Malaria kills over 3000 children ever-single day 12. This statistic illustrates the tragic outcome that is associated with this devastating disease. In the United States, we fail to completely understand the gravity of Malaria because it is not relevant in our daily lives. The same cannot be said of other nations around the world that are still considered high-risk areas. Sub-Saharan Africa is widely known to bears the greatest mortality rate at the hands of this fatal infection 12. Despite constant efforts to fight malaria, several economic, social, and biological factors have hindered its eradication.
A good project is one that can successfully put itself out of business, by having the community it was supporting surpass. Malaria No More’s primary goal for their work, as presented to us, is give hard to reach communities bed nets and Malaria education. In addition to this, I believe Malaria No More could be more successful if they provided additional materials for Malaria care, in not only focusing on prevention education, but also rehabilitation for those who have already contracted the disease. Additionally, Malaria No More can help these areas, by providing ways for the community to produce their own bed nets effectively.
The WHO reported that there was a seventeen percent of globally declining in malaria incidence between the year of 2000 and 2010, which was significantly lower than the proposed target of fifty percent rate (WHO, 2012). This statistical data reveals that many hurdles remain to overcome. However, an encouraging reduction of 33% in the malaria-specific mortality rate has observed in the African region. The RBM (Roll Back Malaria) initiative foresees the need for continuation of malaria control efforts until global malaria eradication can be obtainable in the long-term. However reaching the RBM goal will necessitate an increase in funding resources, a marked economic progress in countries with extreme poverty, and the maintenance or increase of the long-lasting insecticide-treated net coverage. (WHO,
Primary health care is the indispensable care based on the real – world, systematically sound, socially adequate technique and technology which made unanimously available to the families and every individuals in the community through their fully involvement where the community is capable to afford at a cost to uphold at every phase of their growth in the essence of self-reliance and self-government. Primary health care in international health is associated with the global conference held at Alma Ata in 1978; the conference that promoted the initiative health for all by the year 2000. “Primary health care defined broadly at Alma Ata emphasized universal health care across to all individuals and families , encouraged participation by community members in all aspects of health care planning and implementation and promoted the delivery of care that would be scientifically sound , technically effective , socially relevant and acceptable” (Janice E.Hitchcock,2003). Primary health care is commonly viewed as a level of care or as the entry point to the health care system for its client. It can also taken to mean a particular approach to care which is concerned with containing care, accessibility, community involvement and collaboration between other sectors. The primary health care policy has some principals that have been designed to work together and be implemented simultaneously to bring about a better health outcome for the entire society.
...at researchers are doing to try to eradicate malaria in underdeveloped countries such as Africa.
London, England. The.. London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine n.d., Session 5: The role of the state. in global health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, England. Ricci J.
Malaria, a serious sometimes fatal disease is caused by a parasite that infects a type of mosquito into the blood that feeds on humans. Malaria being one of the most severe public health problems worldwide, it is known to be one of the main causes of diseases and deaths in many developing countries. Malaria is a public health problem in more than 90 countries, inhibited by a total of 2,400 million plus people in some countries- estimating about 40% of the world’s population. In the malaria epidemic parts of the world, change in the risk of malaria can be the unintended results of economic activity or agricultural policy that changes the use of land; for example, the building of damn’s, irrigations schemes and even deforestation ("Malaria -