River catchment management has three aims which determine if the management plans are of good quality or not. These aims are to keep the river flowing, to maintain good water quality and to sustain biodiversity. In Mtunzini, the sources of the Amanzimnyama and Siyaya Rivers have been impacted on by plantations of Eucalyptus also known as Blue Gums and Sugar cane respectively. Before Confluence, both rivers travel through an area of rehabilitated dune forest which was part of Ian Garland’s catchment management strategies to improve the quality if the rivers. The Siyaya Estuary was damaged by floods in 2012 and this has caused the estuary mouth to close and deteriorated the water quality.
In a study of the Siyaya Estuary done in 2006, by Nicolette T. Demetriades entitled; Determination of the Preliminary Ecological Reserve on a Rapid Level for the Siyaya Estuary (Source 1), it is proven that the Siyaya Estuary is impacted on by sugarcane cultivation and thus reduces the quality of the water within the estuary. This research paper was done to determine if the Siyaya Estuary is still classified as an estuary once the river mouth was blocked from the ocean and the causes of said blockade. This report was done in collaboration with the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry and Marine & Estuarine Research, which makes the report reliable and valid source. This report is valuable as the results provide a comparison for the hypothesis that the Siyaya Estuary is in its current state of degradation due to poor catchment management. However this report was done to prove whether or not the estuary is indeed an estuary. A limitation which is posed in this research is that a flood caused the Siyaya River to burst over the dunes in...
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...eport also documents all the research which has been scheduled for the area as well as the researchers who are planned to come in. This report also provides some suggestions as to how the river can be rehabilitated. This is source is valid and reliable to some degree because it is written by Ian Garland himself, and he has seen all the changes in the area but as he is a conservationist and because he has an attachment to the area, this report will contain bias. The element of bias can also be a limitation because the report was done to highlight the state of degradation that the rivers were in. This information is valuable to proving the hypothesis regarding the relationship between catchment management plans and the present state of the Siyaya Estuary as it allows a comparison to take place to compare the descriptions of the rivers to the present day conditions.
Tapas Biswas, A. K. a. J. A., 2012. Recent Floods and Salinity of the Murray River. [Online]
One of the Bays biggest resources is its oysters. Oysters are filter feeders which mean they feed on agley and clean the water. The oysters feed on agley and other pollutants in the bay turning them into food, then they condense the food down to nutrients and sometimes developed pearls. Filtering the water helps the oysters to grow, and also helps clean the Chesapeake Bay. One oyster can filter 50 gallons of water a day, Oysters used to be able to filter the Bay in about a week. However, these creatures are now scarce in the bay. The Chesapeake Bays Oyster (crassostrea virginica) Population has declined severely because of over harvesting, agricultural runoff, and disease. Now the Chesapeake Bay is becoming polluted without the oysters and the water is not nearly as clean as it once was. The Chesapeake Bay was the first estuary in the nation to be targeted for restoration as an integrated watershed and ecosystem. (Chesapeake Bay Program n/d). This report will show the cause and effect of the Chesapeake Bay's Oyster decline on the Bay.
Today, with our understanding of how fragile the coastal areas are, there are many study and restoration projects underway. Since the implementation of the Coastal Wetlands Planning, Protection, and Restoration Act (CWPPRA) in 1990, there have been 151 coastal restorat...
Moreover, environmental features in the Mitta Mitta river is playing a crucial role in terms of its water. Environmental features are those installations which alter the environment and includes environmental asset. The environmental features in every river catchment is contrast, for example Mitta Mitta river features is different with Macquarie river features. In addition, environmental assets in the Mitta Mitta river include provide habitats for high priority threatened native fish such as Macquarie perch, Murray cod, golden perch and flat-headed galaxias. Other high priority species found along the Mitta Mitta system include spotted tree frogs and the alpine spiny crayfish, in the upper Snowy Creek catchment. Another environmental assets are Wetlands, National Park, Gorges. Dams include Hume and Dartmouth dams, operating storages, 14 weirs, 13 locks, barrages at the Lower Lakes, and water management structures at
One of the Bays biggest resources is its oysters. Oysters are filter feeders which mean they feed on agley and clean the water. The oysters feed on agley and other pollutants in the bay turning them into food for them, then they condense the food down to nutrient and developed things like pearls.Filtering the water also helps the oyster to grow. One oyster can filter 50 gallons of water a day, Oysters used to be able to filter the Bay in about a week. However these creatures are now scarce in the bay. The Chesapeake Bays Oyster (crassostrea virginica) Population has declined severely because of over harvesting, agricultural runoff, and disease. Now the Chesapeake Bay is becoming polluted without the oysters and the water is not nearly as clean as it once was. The Chesapeake Bay was the first estuary in the nation to be targeted for restoration as an integrated watershed and ecosystem. (Chesapeake Bay Program n/d). This report will show the cause and effect of the Chesapeake Bay's Oyster decline on the Bay.
When it floods sediments can affect the land by losing nutrients in the soil and it can also affect the clarity of
This project started by research. This research pointed at advanced farm drainage systems as the reason for quickly rising rivers and accompanying erosion. A growing effort has been underway to bring together various groups along the river, including farmers, to look for voluntary efforts to improve the rivers. After the research many researchers discovered the problems is now bank and erosion of ravines. Bulldozers and excavators worked to try stabilizing the bank with tree trunks. These are the efforts to solve the Le Sueur River erosion. This is still a growing problem waiting for helpful solutions.
...s are considered as part of a larger watershed, the recognization of the complexity of environmental stresses can be understood. Management plans can be developed to reduce impacts to mangroves, seagrasses and the reef ecosystem, based upon accurate data and a better understanding of the system. EPA is in the process of developing guidance for a watershed approach to coral ecosystem protection.
Over the past 100 years the Louisiana coastline has suffered greatly from biotic, abiotic, and anthropogenic factors. The abiotic factors include things such as hurricanes or overnutrition that influence the surrounding biota. The biotic factors that contribute to coastal erosion are things like the immigration invasive species and the emigration or extinction of local flora and fauna that help preserve the wetlands. Additionally, there are anthropogenic factors such as pollution that can have strong negative influences on the abiotic and biotic factors of the wetlands. Each one of these factors cause ecological disturbances to the wetlands at a frequency and intensity that is unmanageable for the local flora and fauna. There are currently certain measures that are being taken into consideration to slow or stop the erosion of the Louisiana coastline.
This paper introduces the environmental concerns of the loss of coastal wetlands. The paper will discuss the significance of wetlands and the devastation that is occurring because of human activity. Wetlands are an essential element of our environment both ecological and societal; conservation will be essential for the preservation of these precious ecosystems.
The Chesapeake Bay is a very large estuary that holds more than eighteen trillion gallons of water (“The Bay Watershed”). This large estuary is part of six of the different states of Maryland, Delaware, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia (“Chesapeake Bay Program”). Some characteristics of the bay include salinity, temperature, and circulation. The bay watershed is home to seventeen million people and gains more people each year, so it is no wonder why there are pollution problems (“Chesapeake Bay Program”). Chesapeake Bay is the largest estuary in the United States and is diverse in life.
Analysis of sites in five coastal states indicate that many marshes and mangrove ecosystems receive adequate mineral sediments to produce enough organic sediment and root material to remain above sea level at the present rate of sea-level rise (1-2 mm per year globally). However, three of the twelve wetlands studied were not keeping pace with the current rate of sea-level rise. If sea-level rise accelerates, some additional sites would also begin to slowly deteriorate and submerge.
Regeneration, an historical anti-war novel written by Pat Barker in 1991, deals with the process of ‘regeneration’ of soldiers shell-shocked in World War One. The protagonist of the novel is Dr. Rivers, a practising psychiatrist at Craiglockhart War Hospital who created a new approach to treating shell-shocked soldiers, through speech therapy rather than through physical therapy. Just how innovative Rivers’ methods are becomes apparent in Chapters Twenty and Twenty-One when we meet Dr Yealland, who is presented as the polar opposite to Rivers, both in demeanour and in his methods of treatment. He is arrogant in his speech, treating his patients in a cold, sadistic fashion, attempting to ‘play god’. Yealland believes in using a single session of painful electroshock therapy, in order to cure patients “whose weakness would have caused them to break down, eventually, even in civilian life”. It is the description of this treatment which is the focus of Chapters Twenty and Twenty-One, allowing Barker to contrast the two characters and their methods. The
In 1970, East Pakistan, about the size of Wisconsin, had a substantial population of 66 million, meaning that each square kilometer holds about 400 people (Disaster 174). It is located precisely where two large river systems, the Ganges and the Brahmaputra, unite to form the biggest delta in the world, the Ganges River Delta. A delta is a triangular deposit of sediment at the mouth of a river, naturally where it diverges. The two rivers conduct silt from as far as the Himalayas to the floodplains of Bangladesh, which are about 1,200 miles apart. Being one of the world’s most fertile croplands, the floodplain is densely populated. Farmers are forced to move farther and farther out into the delta, triggering them to face the perilous monsoon season, which is from June to October. One third of East Pakistan is no more than twenty feet above sea level, maximizing the death toll of life-threatening storms (History 3). The a...
A statistic released by the Marine Science Education Project of the Indonesian Ministry of Higher Education States that “…Reefs subject to land-based pollution (sewage, sedimentation, and or industrial pollution) show 30–50% reduced diversity at 3 m, and 40–60% reduced diversity at 10 m depth relative to unpolluted comparison reefs in each region.” This statistic is alarming because it shows just how much pollution can affect a certain environment. Not only does it affect the environment but it also affects animals, plants and people.