Ankle sprains are one of the most common musculoskeletal injuries and are especially relevant at all level of sport.1 Of all sports, the incidence of ankle sprain is higher in volleyball considering its non-contact nature.2 The most common ankle sprain occurs on the lateral or outside part of the ankle.3 Reports estimate that ankle sprains account for approximately 24% to 54% of all sport-related injuries and 23,000 persons get them per day in the United States.4 Lateral ankle sprain occurs when the ligaments that support the ankle get overly stretched or either partially or completely torn.1 This can occur when the foot twists inwards (foot is adducted in planter flexion).5 The ligaments involved with lateral ankle sprains are the Anterior Talofibular Ligament (ATF), Calcaneofibular Ligament (CF), and Posterior Talofibular Ligament (PTF).6 The Anterior Talofibular Ligament is the weakest and most commonly injured ligament in the ankle.6 The posterior Talofibular Ligament is rarely torn in the ankle sprain.6 Anterior Drawer Test can be used to assess the strength of the Anterior Talofibular Ligament and Inversion Stress Test can be used to evaluate the Calcaneofibular Ligament.6 Ankle sprains are divided into three grades ranging from mild to severe.6 A grade I sprain is defined as mild sprain with stretching and possible mild tearing of the ligaments without instability of the affected joint. There is swelling and mild stiffness around the joint but people can walk with minimal pain.6 A grade II sprain is defined as moderate sprain with partial tearing of the ligaments. Abnormal looseness of the ankle joint occurs when the ankle joint is moved in certain ways and ligaments will be tender when touched. People can walk with diff... ... middle of paper ... ...085/1062-6050-43.2.179 19. Binkley JM, Stratford PW, Lott SA, Riddle DL. The Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS): scale development, measurement properties, and clinical application. North American Orthopaedic Rehabilitation Research Network. Phys Ther. 1999;79:371-383. 20. Watson CJ, Propps M, Ratner J, Zeigler DL, Horton P, Smith SS. Reliability and responsiveness of the lower extremity functional scale and the anterior knee pain scale in patients with anterior knee pain. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2005;35:136-146. http://dx.doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2005.1403 21. Alcock GK, Stratford PW. Validation of the Lower Extremity Functional Scale on athletic subjects with ankle sprains. Physiother Can. 2002;54:233-240. 22. Bohannon RW. Intertester reliability of hand-held dynamometry: a concise summary of published research. Percept Mot Skills. 1999;88(3 part1):899–902.
Sussmilch-Leitch, S. P., Collins, N., Bialocerkowski, A. E., Warden, S. J., & Crossley, K. M. (2012). Physical therapies for achilles tendinopathy: systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Foot and Ankle Research , 1-16.
Murray H, Husk L. (2001) Effect of kinesio taping on proprioception in the ankle. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 31; A-37.
Ankle sprains have three degrees of injury ranging from 1-3. The level of the ankle sprain is determined by the amount that the ligament is torn or stretched. A grade one sprain is categorized as a slight stretching and damage to the fibers of the ligament. A grade 2 sprain is characterized as partial tearing of the ligament and abnormal laxity of the ankle. A grade 3 sprain is characterized by complete tear of the ligament if it can be pushed or pulled in certain movements there is gross instability. The movements of the ankle are abduction, adduction, plantar flexion, dorsiflexion, and inversion, eversion. The ligaments of the ankle hold the ankle bones and joint into position. These ligaments protect the ankle joint from abnormal movements such as twisting, turning, and rolling of the foot.
The higher the infirmity, the lower the percentage. Global rating of Knee Function scales deliver a technique of attaining statistics in a more quick, flexible, and efficient way. Although, with any conclusion quota important readings of outcomes can only be accepted with the thought of the clinometric assets, powers, and flaws of the tool. Single leg hop tests is a technique that your doctor may practice to define your aptitude to return to exercises, sports and events after knee surgery. It is generally practiced throughout the return to function stage in an anterior cruciate ligament restoration procedure. This is used to evaluate the useful firmness of your knee (Shen. W,
This article is about the results of a survey conducted by three PhD’s; Janet Simon, Matthew Donahue, and Carrie Docherty, and was published by the International Journal of Athletic Therapy and Training. The purpose of the survey was to determine Athletic Trainers current utilization of ankle support, and to determine ATs current attitudes towards the use of ankle taping and bracing. It gives some history and benefits of ankle bracing and taping, and how it has become a multimillion dollar industry, considering that 66-73% of all college athletes have reported an ankle sprain. Also, a third of people with ankle sprains will either re-sprain the ankle or report feelings of instability after the initial sprain. Ankle taping has become essential part of sports medicine,
A 18-year-old male collegiate soccer athlete presented into the athletic training room with ankle pain. This ankle pain was due to a change of direction drill. The soccer team had been out on the field to get in shape for pre-season sprinting. The athlete had plantar flexed and inverted his left ankle. This athlete stated that he had no previous health issues prior to ankle in...
Anderson, D. I., & Sidaway, B. (2013) Kicking biomechanics: Importance of balance. Lower Extremity Review Magazine.
...e foot, asks the athlete exactly what happened and is informed that there was a ‘snapping’ noise heard at the time of injury. Due to swelling it would be difficult to palpate the joint line if the ankle, but there is pain on palpation. The therapist will direct the athlete to perform active movements of the ankle; the movements were not produced by the athlete due to the amount of pain. The next step is to get the athlete off of the pitch safely. Due to the lack of active movement there will be hesitation to apply full pressure on the ankle and the unusual positioning it would be best for the therapist to splint the ankle with a SAM splint and then remove from the pitch according to the EAP(see appendix 1&4) (Wilkerson, A.J. etal (2010).
Posture is assessed to detect the possibility of any weaknesses, muscle imbalances, dysfunctional movement and neuromuscular control and coordination that could potentially lead to injury. A well-balanced, ideal alignment provides one with greater energy levels, a slenderised figure, correct joint positioning, greater range of joint mobility, optimal flexibility, strength, coordination, body cirulation and most importantly, prevention of technique-related injuries. To test ones dynamic alignment, main areas to be examined are the feet and ankles, pelvis girdle and the thoraci...
High school football players sustain a major proportion of season injuries. A major part of these regions are due to ligament sprains, targeted stretching exercises may be beneficial. The most injured players were those with the position of running back and linebackers. In the 2005-2006 season there were more than half a million injuries nationally of high school football players. This data was collected from over 100 high school football teams.
Through this research we aim to identify which tool is most reliable in a clinical setting. The reliability of these measurements gathered only reflects their reproducibility in relation to the short time periods they were conducted in. Therefore, when relating back to clinical practice, reliability may differ. In a clinical setting there may be weeks between seeing a patient, consequently, the assessor may see a larger difference in the range of motion of the elbow resulting in different reliability
In the reaction to the injury itself, there is a primary reaction followed by a secondary reaction. With this ankle sprain, a common primary reaction is that of fear. This athlete can be afraid of many things ranging from them never getting better to never getting to play again to being afraid of the unknown. In order to conquer this fear the athletic trainer needs to help reassure the athlete about their injury. This can be done by presenting the truth about the injury and rehab process in a manner they can understand and gaining the athlete’s trust in the athletic trainer.
Ankle ligament injuries were reported as the most common injury for college athletes in the United States. Ankle sprains are most common in sports such as basketball, soccer, volleyball, and distance running sports. The author of Understanding acute ankle ligamentous sprain injury in sports summarized the current understanding of the most common type of sport-related trauma; acute ankle sprain injury. The author first presents ankle anatomy in order for the reader to understand the movement of the ankle and all of the ligaments which assist the movement of the joint, then, explains how most injuries occur, and finally shows results of experiments conducted over the years and how doctors, physicians and athletes can learn to prevent these sorts
It is estimated that one million people visit a physician for ankle injuries. In sports, 10 to 30 percent of athletes suffer from ankle sprains. Ankle sprains will be further investigated through five topics. The five topics on ankle sprains will be a clear definition with causes, the different types, prevention, treatment, and ankle sprains in sports……………………..
Take Home message: 95% of ankle sprains involve lateral aspect of ankle. Majority improve with non surgical measures. Physiotherapy is useful and should be considered for severe ankle sprain. If symptoms do not settle after 3 months MRI scan / referral to secondary care is