FTM: The fluid thioglycollate medium is a semi solid, in which the thioglycollate is used as a reducing agent to protect anaerobes and determine the organism’s oxygen requirements. Reazurin is used as an indicator for the medium’s aerobic region, as it is only pink when O2 is present or oxidized1. If there is growth throughout the tube it would be positive as a facultative aerobe; however, if there is only growth within the reazurin region, the organism is an aerobe.
Gas Pack: the gas pack will indicate the organism’s ability to grow under anaerobic conditions. A gas pack is used to contain an inoculated brewers plate enhanced with a reazurin indicator and protective thioglycollate reducing agent. If there is growth present on the plate, then the organism would
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If agar were to turn bright blue, it would signify that the organism was able to utilize the citrate carbon source. The reagent bromthymal blue will turn from green to blue when combined with the ammonium salts5. This reaction will then raise the pH and cause the positive color transformation.
Methyl Red: One can identify an organism’s ability to conduct the mixed acid fermentation of glucose in a positive test. The fermentation of glucose will lower the pH to less than 5 by overcoming the phosphate buffer that is in the medium6. The lowered pH will allow the indicator, methyl red, to turn the medium red.
Voges Proskauer: An organism that is positive for the VP test would indicate that it is capable of the 2, 3 butandiol and the fermentation of glucose. The reagent Barrits is added and, after a short period of time, will turn red. The reaction will be indicative that acetonin is present, as it is a product of the said fermentation. When the reagent is in contact with the acetonin it triggers a series of chemical reactions that will turn red and provide a positive test
One bacterium was gram negative. It underwent four different tests. These tests were the EMB test (Eosin Mehylene Blue), the Sulfur Indole Motility (SIM) test, the Urease test, and the Simmon’s Citrate Utilization test. The EMB test checks for a bacteria’s ability to ferment lactose. This test is accomplished by placing the bacteria on Eosin Methylene Blue agar. The agar is selective for gram negative bacteria and those bacteria that can ferment lactose will have colored growth, usually a metallic green sheen.
These labels indicated the lactose solution that was be placed into the mini-microfuge tubes. The varying lactose ph solutions were obtained. The four miniature pipets were then used, (one per solution,) to add 1mL of the solution to the corresponding mini-microfuge tubes. When this step is completed there were two mini-microfuge tubes that matched the paper towel. Then, once all of the solutions contained their respective lactose solutions, 0.5mL of the lactase enzyme suspension was added to the first mini-microfuge tube labeled LPH4 on the paper towel, and 4 on the microfuge tube. As soon as the lactase enzyme suspension was added to the mini-microfuge tube, the timer was started in stopwatch mode (increasing.) When the timer reached 7 minutes and 30 seconds, the glucose test strip was dipped into the created solution in the mini-microfuge tube for 2 seconds (keep timer going, as the timer is also needed for the glucose strip. Once the two seconds had elapsed, the test strip was immediately removed, and the excess solution was wiped gently on the side of the mini-microfuge tube. The timer was continued for 30 addition seconds. Once the timer reached 7:32 (the extra two seconds accounting for the glucose dip), the test strip was then compared the glucose test strip color chart that is found on the side of the glucose test strip
As proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) Omeprazole and Lansoprazole are effective therapeutic agents for Peptic ulcers. But which one is more effective as a PPI and highly useful for peptic ulcers disease. The basis of the distinction lies in the pharmacological safety and efficacy of each PPI, which is assessed in this paper in a head to head comparison. After obtaining the relevant literature from Database PubMed and Proquest, it is sufficient to conclude that Lansoprazole proved to be a more effective and safe than Omeprazole.
The EMB test can test for a few different things, the specific test I used was to observe if the microorganism would ferment lactose. If the organism can ferment lactose, the colonies will appear as colored colonies. If it does not ferment lactose the colonies will be colorless. My organism produced a bright Christmas green color, meaning it ferments lactose causing a positive result. (handout EMB)
The independent variable for this experiment is the enzyme concentration, and the range chosen is from 1% to 5% with the measurements of 1, 2, 4, and 5%. The dependant variable to be measured is the absorbance of the absorbance of the solution within a colorimeter, Equipments: Iodine solution: used to test for present of starch - Amylase solution - 1% starch solution - 1 pipette - 3 syringes - 8 test tubes – Stop clock - Water bath at 37oc - Distilled water- colorimeter Method: = == ==
First is the Benedict’s test for reducing sugars which determines if a carbohydrate contains a free aldehyde or ketone group. When Benedict’s reagent is heated with a reactive sugar the color of the reagent changes. The initial solution color of the Benedict’s regent is sky blue. Depending on the number of available sites for the reaction to occur, the reaction will result in a solution that may range from green to yellow to orange to brick red, a red precipitate may form if more time is allowed. The test will only show a positive reaction for starch if the starch has been broken down to maltose of glucose. ("BIO 1510 Laboratory Manual," 2016)
I identified the genus and species of an unknown bacterial culture, #16, and I applied the following knowledge of morphologic, cultural and metabolic characteristics of the unknown microorganism according to the laboratory manual as well as my class notes and power point print outs. I was given an incubated agar slant labeled #16 and a rack of different tests to either examine or perform myself; the tests are as follows: Gram Stain; Nutrient Gelatin Test; Carbohydrate Fermentation; Dextrose, Lactose and Sucrose; IMVIC tests; Citrate, Indole, Mythel-Red and Vogues Proskauer test; as well as a Urease and TSI Test. Materials and Methods/Results Upon receiving the Microorganism (M.O.) #16, I prepared a slide by cleaning and drying it. Then, using a bottle of water I placed a sterile drop of water on the slide and used an inoculating loop, flame sterilized, I took a small sample of the unknown growth in my agar slant and smeared it onto the slide in a dime sized circle and then heat fixed it for ten minutes.
mainly composed of methane and carbon dioxide, is the result of the anaerobic decomposition of
When the solution remains the same, it means the solution is negative control and does not have sugar. The presence of starch can be detected by using the Lugol’s iodine solution. If the unknown A, B, C milk samples turn to a dark blue color during the Lugol’s test, then these samples are positive control and also contain starch in them. But if the solutions turn to yellowish brown, it means these solutions are negative control
The medication of paracetamol can be administered in various ways and they are sold in different formulations. The common dosage comes in tablets form of 500 mg, in dispersible fizzy tablets (500 mg) and oral suspensions. It can also be bought in capsules as a mixture with other API like caffeine and codeine.
Benzyl bromide, an unknown nucleophile and sodium hydroxide was synthesized to form a benzyl ether product. This product was purified and analyzed to find the unknown in the compound.
Bacterial cells, like plant cells, are surrounded by a cell wall. However, bacterial cell walls are made up of polysaccharide chains linked to amino acids, while plant cell walls are made up of cellulose, which contains no amino acids. Many bacteria secrete a slimy capsule around the outside of the cell wall. The capsule provides additional protection for the cell. Many of the bacteria that cause diseases in animals are surrounded by a capsule. The capsule prevents the white blood cells and antibodies from destroying the invading bacterium. Inside the capsule and the cell wall is the cell membrane. In aerobic bacteria, the reactions of cellular respiration take place on fingerlike infoldings of the cell membrane. Ribosomes are scattered throughout the cytoplasm, and the DNA is generally found in the center of the cell. Many bacilli and spirilla have flagella, which are used for locomotion in water. A few types of bacteria that lack flagella move by gliding on a surface. However, the mechanism of this gliding motion is unknown. Most bacteria are aerobic, they require free oxygen to carry on cellular respiration. Some bacteria, called facultatibe anaerobes can live in either the presence or absence of free oxygen. They obtain energy either by aerobic respiration when oxygen is present or by fermentation when oxygen is absent. Still other bacteria cannot live in the presence of oxygen. These are called obligate anaerobes. Such bacteria obtain energy only fermentation. Through fermentation, different groups of bacteria produce a wide variety of organic compounds. Besides ethyl alcohol and lactic acid, bacterial fermentation can produce acetic acid, acetone, butyl alcohol, glycol, butyric acid, propionic acid, and methane, the main component of natural gas. Most bacteria are heterotrophic bacteria are either saprophytes or parasites. Saprophytes feed on the remains of dead plants and animals, and ordinarily do not cause disease. They release digestive enzymes onto the organic matter. The enzymes breakdown the large food molecules into smaller molecules, which are absorbed by the bacterial cells. Parasites live on or in living organisms, and may cause disease. A few types of bacteria are Autotrophic, they can synthesize the organic nutrients they require from inorganic substances. Autotrophic bacteria are either photosynthetic or Chemosynthetic. The photosynthetic bacteria contain chlorophyll that are different from the plant chlorophyll. In bacterial photosynthesis, hydrogen is obtained by the splitting of compounds other than water.
Analysis of Aspirin Tablets Aim --- To discover the percentage of acetylsalicylic acid in a sample of aspirin tablets. ----------------------------------------------------------------- In order to do this, the amount of moles that react with the sodium hydroxide must be known. This is achieved by using the method of back titration.
Four solutions were tested an out of the four only one had a color change, meaning that it had alcohol present. This solution was methanol and of course it would produce a color change because methanol is an alcohol. One solution that should have changed color was solution 4, the base-hydrolyzed aspartame, but it did not produce a color change when aqueous ceric ammonium nitrate reagent. Water and fresh aqueous aspartame are not going to produce a color change because there is no alcohol group in there structure.
Anaerobic bacteria (bacteria that live in environments that contain no oxygen) transform organic matter in the wastewater into biogas that contains large amounts of methane gas and carbon dioxide.