n hypothesis of the experiment is that the group containing four members will perform better than the group containing two members. This is the foundation from which we have conducted our experiment.
The research our experiment was founded on was that carried out by Taylor and Faust (1952). They carried out an experiment on 105 student’s, which was designed in the method of the game ‘twenty questions’. The students were split into teams of one member, two members and four members. They were then told that the experimenter would keep an object in mind whether it is animal vegetable or mineral was also stated, and they were then allowed 20 questions and guesses to reveal the identity of the object. In there experiment they found that the group of two members performed better than the group of four members in terms of how many guesses and questions it took them and how long it took them to deduce the identity of the object. However Taylor and Faust found that the efficiency did not differ in any significant way.
Thomas and Fink (1961) stated that, for the majority of tasks, a group of five individuals is the ‘optimal’ size. The method for which a certain task is undertaken change as the size increases, according to Hare (1976). He states that as the size increases the approach towards introducing information to aid problem solving becomes more ‘mechanical’ in nature.
According to Coleman & James (1961) ‘cohesion tends to be weaker and moral tends to be lower in a larger group than in a smaller one.’ The reason they state this happens is because, in the majority of cases there is a lack of intimacy within the group and in extremely large groups the members are almost strangers to one another.
The size of a group is considered to be a restrictive condition on the quantity and quality of connection that can transpire amongst particular members. Kephart (1950) established that as group size increases the number of relationships that exist among member’s increases greatly. He suggests that as a result of this increase in relationships among members there will be an increased tendency towards divisions into subgroups in which participants relate to one another.
According to research, two-person groups frequently consequent in a rise in tension. The tension is usually caused by the creation of a ‘dominant-submissive’ relationship that comes into being.
3. Because he believes that "real men have no fears," 8-year-old George has difficulty accepting the fact that his father is fearful of losing his job. George's experience is most directly explained by:
I think the subject in the experiment began to "second guess" himself because he believe that the group was correct because there were more of them then him. The subject began to "second guess" himself when he noticed that the group of students
Chapter 4 discusses the several states of consciousness: the nature of consciousness, sleep and dreams, psychoactive drugs, hypnosis, and meditation. Consciousness is a crucial part of human experience, it represents that private inner mind where we think, feel, plan, wish, pray, omagine, and quietly relive experiences. William James described the mind as a stream of consciousness, a continuous flow of changing sensations, images thoughts, and feelings. Consciousness has two major parts: awareness and arousal. Awareness includes the awareness of the self and thoughts about one's experiences. Arousal is the physiological state of being engaged with the environment. Theory of mind refers to individuals understanding that they and others think,
Group cohesion is not caused by one single factor but by the contribution of many other factors (Tuckman, 1964) In order for a group to be fully cohesive a certain process occurs, a conceptual model created by Carron et al (1985) clearly outlines this procedure, this model says that there can be two routes towards group cohesion, one of which is group integration, this is how the group itself bonds together and is dependant on if the individuals within the group form a bond. Another is that of the individuals attraction towards the group which is dependant on there own motivation to stay in and contribute, alongside there own personal involvement in the overall group functionality.Thus the success of the theory is highly dependant on the need for co-operation from each individual within the
To prove the two hypothesis the researchers present the participants with a series of opportunities to cheat, but then surprise them with an additional series of cheating opportunities. To increase their interest in participating the contributors obtain $.10 for each flip of a coin, but only if the side up of the coin is “heads”. The participants have the opportunity of flip the coin 7, 10 or 13 times, the flipping of the coin happens privately, and they are told not to cheat. The researches then tried to prove the hypothesis in 4
3. After her last drinking spree, Karen hid a half-empty liquor bottle. She couldn't remember where she hid it until she started drinking again. Karen's pattern of recall best illustrates:
Group formation or formation of cliques is typically seen as the stereotypical jocks, cheerleaders, geeks, or nerds. But what most do not necessarily take into consideration is that members of each group have an existing commonality between them even if most of the members do not know what that common trait is. Being a part of a group can have an impact on an individual. Through group discussion, individuals only strengthen their beliefs due to the fact that they know that they are not alone in those beliefs since they have friends
2) Methodology: The participants were required to engage in individualized and team-worked tasks. The participants were split into multiple teams of 4 group members and were placed in the same computer terminal room. They then participated in a technological activity that relied heavily on both individual and teamwork performance. Their goal was to detect and eliminate sources from their rivals while simultaneously refraining from damaging their own teams’ resources. Each team possessed 4 dimensional resources that consisted of power, performance speed, longevity of operation, and their range of vision. Individuals within the team must act by themselves or plan accordingly as a group in order to bring down enemy sources, as well as to protect their territory. Experimenters then measured each group’s performances by their structural independence, team member performance, utilitarian individualism-collectivism, and ontological individualism-collectivism.
... that areas of expertise can be exploited, different people are good at different things. Groups can discuss material, and that discussion can improve the quality of the decision. Groups are less likely to suffer from judgmental biases that individuals have when they make decisions. People are more likely to follow through on decisions made by groups that they are connected to. Also, more monumental decisions can be made in groups, because one member will not be singled out for blame, making the entire group responsible.
Bio-Psychologists study the principles of biology as it relates to the comprehension of psychology in the field neuroscience that underlies ones emotions, ideology, and actions (Brittanica). Based upon the conduction of research, the relationship between the brain and ones behavior extends to the physiological process in one’s intellect. Scientists are cognizant that neurotransmitters function as a significant role in mood regulation and other aspects of psychological problems including depression and anxiety. A biological perspective are relevant to psychology in three techniques including: the comparative method, physiology, and the investigation of inheritance (Saul Mc. Leod).
For this research requirement I chose three different experiments to examine thoroughly. The first of these experiments came from the Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. The study done in this journal was an examination of orthographic learning and self-teaching in a bilingual and biliterate context. The aim of the study was to figure out the advantages and/or disadvantages of a student learning a native language when they are either monolingual, bilingual, or biliterate, and the study was focused on learning English because this is the most commonly learned non-native language in the world.
Several factors affect conformity. The larger the group, the more likely people are to conform, although this effect levels off at around seven group members. If there is even one dissenter in a group other than the participant, conformity drops dramatically. If the participant is in face-to-face contact with the group, he or she is more likely to conform. And finally, the more ambiguous the solution to the problem, the more likely the participant is to conform to others’ opinions (McLeod,
To avoid isolated pairing of group members, many studies suggest that an odd number of group members is ideal for group functionality. Most studies show that the ideal number for group members is 5. In a study conducted by Hackman and Vidmar (1970), they asked groups ranging in size from 2-7 members to evaluate the group process and performance on various tasks assigned. Few people thought that seven was too large; few thought two was too small. However, where both lines crossed, the ideal group size averaged to be about 4.6 members, keeping in mind that size is not the only factor in a groups’ success. Sensitivity, understanding, leadership, cooperation, and mutual effort are also important to gain success in a group project.
When analyzing a group and its development, there are several points to consider. The greater the similarity in member attitudes and values brought to the group, the greater the likelihood of cohesion in the group. Group cohesion will be increased by success in achieving the groups’ goals, low frequency of required external interactions and under conditions of abundant resources.
The first experiment that DeVoe and House (2012) conducted was to directly test their hypothesis. The procedure of this experiment was to take 53 undergraduate students (32 femal...