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Explain the pathophysiology of hypertension
Hypertension etiology/pathophysiology
Pathophysiology of hypertension
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The pathogenesis of hypertension is multifactorial and highly complex. There are several influential factors that control blood pressure (BP) for adequate tissue perfusion, such as vascular reactivity, circulating blood volume, blood viscosity, cardiac output, blood vessel elasticity, and neural stimulation. Increased peripheral resistance, vascular rigidity, and vascular responsiveness to stimuli are significant to the pathophysiology of hypertension. Sodium has a primary effect on blood pressure leading to excess circulating volume, affecting hypertrophy, contractility, and vascular resistance (Buttaro, Trybulski, Bailey, Sandberg-Cook, 2011). Prehypertension is blood pressure measurements with a systolic pressure from 120-139 mm Hg or a diastolic pressure 80-89 mm Hg. Prehypertension is typically asymptomatic and easily overlooked by clinicians. The progression of prehypertension to hypertension can be rapid, especially in individuals whose blood pressure lies in the higher ranges of …show more content…
This association results in increased sodium reabsorption, enhanced sympathetic nervous system stimulation, and increased angiotensin II and aldosterone production, all of which result in higher blood pressure. DASH, a diet consisting of substantial servings of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low-fat dairy products, low in red meats, reduced sodium, decrease in saturated and total fat, low in sugar-containing drinks, and an increase in potassium has shown to significantly reduce blood pressure. Studies have shown a correlation between obesity, insulin resistance, and hypertension. A decrease in caloric intake by 500 kcal/day may result in an achievement of a weight reduction of 0.45 kg (1 pound) per week. A weight reduction of 4.5-kg (10-pound) has displayed a great decline in blood pressure (Hernandez & Anderson,
Preventing high blood pressure can be done by reducing salt consumption, managing food calories to reduce excess body weight and changing personal behaviour. In order for peter to lose weight he needs to change diet and take on physical activity. According to (WHO, 2013), if salt and sugar intake was reduced to 5-6g/a day, lower blood pressure could be proven in men and women, of all age groups and
Blood pressure is measured by mmHg (millimetres of mercury) and it is written as two numbers. The first number is the highest pressure that the heart reaches in beats and the second number is the lowest blood pressure reached between the heart beats. A normal blood pressure level in adults is blood pressure less than 120/80 but for someone with CKD; high blood pressure is if it is 130/80.
Renin angiotensin system activation: Because of decreased blood flow to the kidneys the compensatory mechanisms activate to hold on to sodium and water. When the Blood flow is decreased Angiotensin II is released causing vasoconstriction
• Hypertension: Hypertension is an abnormal increase in the systolic,diastolic or mean arterial pressure, or all three. This is due to increased arterial stiffness and can be monitored using PWA
...is family has a history of lifestyle diseases like hypertension, hence, he should be careful on his diet and lifestyle. Though the family claims to walk frequently, engaging a regular exercise program is advisable (Stahl, 2010). Moreover, Linda admits to dislike fruits and vegetables which should be considered while teaching on healthy diet. A healthier diet plan will help to prevent a high blood pressure.
High blood pressure is called the “silent killer” because it often has no warning signs or symptoms, and many people don’t know they have it. For most patients, high blood pressure is found when they visit their health care provider or have it checked elsewhere. Because there are no symptoms, people can develop heart disease and kidney problems without knowing they have high blood pressure. Some people may experience: bad headache, mild dizziness, and blurry vision. Traditionally, diagnosis of high blood pressure (BP) has relied on consecutive checks of clinic BP over a 2 to 3 month period, with hypertension confirmed if BP remains persistently raised over 140/90 mmHg. This method of diagnosis has significant limitations because the BP measured for an individual patient in a clinic setting may not reflect their BP in day-to-day life. The main concern is that as a result of the “white coat syndrome”, hypertension may be over-diagnosed when checked in the clinic setting; resulting ...
The causes of hypertension are unknown. However; hypertension can be classified into two categories primary and secondary. Primary (essential) hypertension is increas...
Hypertension is diagnosed by measuring the blood pressure by a device known as the sphygmomanometer. Blood pressure is taken and presented by the systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure. The systolic and diastolic numbers will be recorded and compared to a chart of values. At the same time, doctor would also ask for patient’s family history of hypertension and the associated risk factors such as high cholesterol food intake.
Blood pressure, like a person's heart rate, will vary occasionally with exercise or stress. For people over age 18, an optimal blood pressure reading is considered 120/80 or lower. A blood pressure reading consistently higher than 120/80 is considered "pre-hypertension." High blood pressure or “stage one hypertension” is a measurement of 140/90 or higher. People who have high blood pressure have one and a half times the risk of having a stroke compared to those who consistently have optimal blood pressure of 120/80. Anyone who has had a previous heart attack, stroke, is diabetic, has kidney disease, high cholesterol or is overweight should speak with a doctor about aggressively controlling and lowering blood pressure. Maintaining a blood pressure reading below 140/90 may reduce the risk of further complications.
" Journal of Clinical Hypertension 13.5 (2011): 351-56. EBSOHost.com - a. Web. The Web.
Mrs. Andrews hypertension is mild at 146/96 which leads to the recommendation of lifestyle modification opposed to pharmacological treatment. In a study led by the American Heart Association, “lifestyle interventions received class I recommendations (Mosca et al., 2004, p. 675)” to prevent major cardiovascular issues in women. There are several useful tools and programs available to assist patients making lifestyle changes. A couple of examples of programs are the WISEWOMAN and Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes (TLC). WISEWOMAN is a “program funded by the CDC that provides low income uninsured women (40-64) with chronic disease risk factor screening, lifestyle modification interventions, and referral services to prevent CAD (Schroetter & Peck, 2008, p. 109).” TLC is “an effective lifestyle therapy recommended by the American Diabetes Association, the American Heart Association, and the Obesity Society ("Can TLC ...
Cardiovascular disease is currently the nation’s leading non-communicable cause of morbidity and mortality. According to the American Heart Association, the most common form of cardiovascular disease is coronary artery disease, a condition in which the heart’s blood supply is reduced due to a narrowing of the coronary arteries. These arteries play a significant role in regulating the flow of oxygenated blood to the heart. As blood circulates through the arteries, it exerts a force against the vessel walls, known as blood pressure. To withstand this pressure, elastic fibers interspersed along the artery walls allow the arteries to expand and recoil. Abnormally high blood pressure, however, will cause these muscles to thicken as a result of tears in the damaged artery walls trapping particles that aggregate as plaque. Progressive build-up of plaque ultimately leads to a narrowing of the arteries, subsequently diminishing blood flow to the heart and other body organs. This cascade of events triggered by high blood pressure illustrates why hypertension is one of the most important risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Affecting 1 in every 3 adults in the United States alone, hypertension substantially raises the risk for heart disease in an affected individual who, most likely, does not show any signs or symptoms. In addition to the risks associated with this “silent killer,” comorbidities such as obesity, diabetes, and high cholesterol can drastically worsen health outcomes in hypertensive patients. Given the high prevalence and severe consequences of hypertension if undetected, researching this particular topic will increase our understanding of the causes of hypertension by identifying and narrowing down lead candidates for pot...
High blood pressure (hypertension) is a major health condition which affects many Americans. This health condition may increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and stroke. A normal blood pressure consists of systolic blood pressure divided by diastolic blood pressure, 120/80mmHg (millimeters of mercury). High blood pressure is defined as systolic pressure which is greater than 140mm Hg, and diastolic pressure which is over 90mm Hg. Hypertension influences the health outcomes of black Americans more than other races in the United States. Racial discrimination and socioeconomic status are two major factors which influence the rate of high blood pressure in the black American population.
Hypertension is a disease that effects a third of all Americans (American Heart Association [AHA], 2013, p. 1). The American heart association expects the number of patients living with hypertension to continue to rise (AHA, 2013). Reversing this trend will be of vital importance to the health of our population. Several factors influence hypertension, including access to primary preventative care, the availability of medications, diet and exercise control, diet modifications, and self-care are required to mitigate the effects of persistent hypertension on the body.
In some studies, CAM approaches have shown potential for controlling hypertension, but more research needs to be done to show the safety and effectiveness. Some herbs and supplements show evidence of lowering blood pressure. Omega-3 fatty acids are found in fish, some nuts and vegetables, and supplements. Research shows that they can decrease triglycerides (the major form of fat stored in the body), slow the buildup of fatty deposits inside arteries, decrease the risk of abnormal heartbeats, and lower blood pressure slightly (Hirsch). Coenzyme-Q10 is produced by the body and is also available in supplements, there is good scientific evidence that coenzyme Q-10 does lower blood pressure (Hirsch). Furthermore, Garlic contains sulfur that has a positive effect on cholesterol levels, which could lower blood pressure levels. Cocoa products and dark chocolate are rich in antioxidants. A study shows that when people with high blood pressure consumed cocoa twice daily for two weeks, it improved the ability of artery walls to relax but did not lower blood pressure significantly (Hirsch). A patient who is taking alternative medicines needs to let their physician know because some herbs and supplements will interact with other medication. Relaxation techniques help relax the body and reduce stress, which could help with blood pressure.