2.4. Past experience
Past travel experience has the potentiality to impact visitors’ attitude (Huang and Hsu, 2009). Gomez-Jacinto, Martin-Garcia and Bertiche-Haud’Huyze (1999) proposed that tourist experience consists of intercultural interaction, travel activities, quality of service and overall satisfaction, whereas Sonmez and Graefe (1998) used the number of international travels as a way to measure travel experience (Huang and Hsu, 2009). Past travel experience could have both positive and negative impact on future visit intention (Huang and Hsu, 2009). It was suggested that travel experience and visitors’ revisit intention have a positive relationship (e.g., Gomez-Jacinto, Martin-Garcia, and Bertiche-Haud’Huyze 1999; Sonmez and Graefe
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It has been pointed out that cultural distance is one of the factors that influence people’s decisions in different countries (Arora & Fosfuri, 2000; Kacen & Lee, 2002; Soutar, Grainger, & Hedges, 1999; Tahir & Larimo, 2004). Furthermore, previous studies indicated that culture impact tourists’ choice of destination (Ng, Lee and Soutar, 2007). For instance, it was suggested that China was the most popular destination for citizens of Hong Kong due to the fact that both of them have identical cultural background (PATA, 1995). However, a recent study based on Hofstede’s (1980) cultural dimensions found out that tourists from individualist countries such as Canada and the United States are more inclined to visit destinations that share similar culture with them, whereas tourists from collective countries such as China and Korea are more likely to visit destinations that are culturally different from them (Jackson, 2001). To measure cultural distance in the most proper way, researchers typically used distance as a measurement (Clark & Pugh, 2001; Shenkar,
A productive voyage can be described as something that has value well after the journey is completed. We can further comprehend the distinction between a productive and an unproductive voyage by isolating the contrasting characteristics between the two entities. Traveling is beautiful and rich; vacationing is dull and paltry. Traveling can be fun and beneficial by providing a person with an educational experience that will be remembered forever. Someone can learn about culture by going to different countries and observing customs. Vacationing mostly involves people sitting around doing nothing, instead of doing something much more productive.
Vargas-Sánchez, A., Porras-Bueno, N., Plaza-Mejía, M. 2011. Explaining Residents’ Attitudes to Tourism: Is a Universal Model Possible?, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol 38, Issue 2, pp. 460-80.
In staging reality, setting is critical for both Chad and Undine’s performances. In expatriate fiction, Europe is associated with more freedom than Puritanical America and is used as a medium for performers to present and explore both themselves and cultural and social differences between their home in America and abroad. In Going Abroad, William Stowe suggests that Europe is a space in which higher class and non-essential laborers can “prepare for or advance their careers” (Stowe 7). As a continent with a vast collection of cultural goods, Europe conflicts with the barren American landscape. Acquiring a “Europeanized” persona helps Undine and Chad to gain experience that they employ at home, and cultural accumulation provides an advantage
Hofstede (1983) suggests that individuals from similar cultures have a “collective mental programming” which is part of their conditioning that they share with other citizens of the country they reside in but not with other citizens who do not live in the same country. Hofstede defines this “collective mental programming” as culture (Armstrong, 1996). Several researchers have documented the cultural influence on consumer behaviour (e.g Erickson et al, 1984). Other researchers have focused on ethnic differences (e.g. Wallenford and Reilly, 1983). Tse et al (1988) also investigated whether a manager’s home culture has “predicable” significant effects on decision making of executives from the People’s Republic of China and Canada.
Jonsson, Cristina, and Dwayne Devonish. "Does Nationality, Gender, and Age Affect Travel Motivation? A Case of Visitors to the Caribbean Island of Barbados." Jounal of Travel and Tourism Marketing 25.3-4 (2008): 398-408. OneCaribbean.org. Web. 4 Apr. 2012. .
Assuming a country had a favorable political, legal and economic environment; its cultural environment was evaluated. Culture impacts demand and the marketing mix; therefore, if a country's culture was deemed unfavorable, it was not included in the top ten ranking. Similarly, if a country's culture seemed especially favorable, that aspect is denoted later in the analysis. Cultural factors considered in this analysis:
For the introduction, brief information regarding my purchase and the travel and tourism industry is presented. It was then followed by the explanation of the 2 chosen theories from two different chapters.
CULTURAL DISTANCE: THE DIFFERENCES IN HOW IT IS MEASURED AND WHY IT IS IMPORTANT IN THE BUSINESS WORLD TODAY.
According to the research of Conference Delegate Expenditure Survey in 1998, nearly 40%of business travelers will return to the destinations which they have enjoyed in their business trip before, with their family members as leisure
Travel has increased throughout the years. According to World Tourism Organization travel has increased by 5% in 2013 with 1,087 million people traveling. This is an additional 52 million international travels from the previous year. This increase in travel has brought a very positive impact on many economies around the world and is predicted to continue to do so in the following years. In 2014 UNWTO believes international travel will continue to grow up to 4-4.5%. Throughout the world the places most influenced by the demand for tourism are Asia and the pacific, Africa, and Europe (World Tourism Organization UNWTO). This increase in travel has shown that more people have decided to immerse themselves into new experiences and cultures, and that travel companies believe that more and more people will begin and continue to travel.
It is well known that travelling is a beneficial activity for people as it helps to open our minds, learn what characterizes and differentiates one country, culture or civilization from another but, more importantly, it leads people to a development of a brand-new and more mature conception of the world as well as a new outlook on life.
When people travel to a destination, they sure have some motivation to motivate them to make the decision. ‘Motivation’ is the key term that will make the tourist to consider the reason to travel around. During the decision making process, people will consider some of the reasons before they confirm travel to a destination. The research that has conducted in The Netherland found out a remarkably high propensity to travel, 70% of the populations are taking one holiday per year and 24% was taking two holidays per year for holiday. Some of the people will affect their decision making by looking at destination image or some of the impact advertising. On the internet, business people will use image and advertising to attract tourist to travel to the destination by using image that they edit before. This is part of the marketing to promote their country to tourist. For family traveler, they will consider the distance and transportation travel to the destination. When go for travel, tourist will bring the whole family to travel. Then, they will consider old people who travel long journey are very hard for them. If one of the family members are senior citizen, they need to consider their healthy. Some of the senior citizen cannot take long journey, such as they have sickness. Bring children go for holiday also need to be consider. Some of the children will afraid of the highest in the plane, so they will feel uncomfortable. There is plenty of reason need to consider before making any decision to travel. For understanding tourist motivation and decision making is for two main reason, planning consideration and economic consideration. (Page & Connell, 2009) Before the tourist travel to a destination, they need to think about culture, climat...
In recent years, tourism marketing has gone through strategic changes with the improvement in new technologies, the chase of a relationship between customers and suppliers as well as the importance of sustainability issues in marketing. Marketing Tourism reconsiders the needs of the tourists but does not overlook on the long term economic, environmental, social and cultural interests of the local population. So, it means that marketing consider both the tourist demand and effect to society as
There is nothing quite like traveling, going someplace new and finding out more about the world and yourself. Anyone can become a traveler it just takes a little bit of faith and courage. Traveling across the world or even across the country is a learning experience. When you are a traveler you see how people live and how different cultures work. It is the best educational experience you could give yourself. You see how the world works in a way no one can teach you. Seeing different cultures and people help build the person you want to be. If you are a traveler the world influences you, because when traveling, you see the good and the bad, and you learn from the right and the wrong. I am very lucky that I am able to be a traveler and see this
What do the letters PESTEL stand for? Can you identify any links between some of these