Paul Hammond is a scholar from Oklahoma Baptist University. As a researcher in hymnology he wrote remarkable essays related to hymns and revival in America such as From Calvinism to Arminianism: Baptist and the Second Great Awakening” and “A Study of the Revival Spiritual WARRENTON.” In this essay, Hammond points out specific historical characteristics that define the hymn tune WARRENTON. According to him, this particular hymn tune is a perfect example of the nineteenth century revival hymnody which also can facilitate readers’ understanding of the main revival concepts presented in the religious music from the nineteenth century. Therefore, Hammond’s purpose is to show that the tune WARRENTON works as an illustration that clarifies the study …show more content…
First, he affirms that The Southern Harmony and The Sacred Harp are hymnals where the tune WARRENTON can be found (26). Those hymnals were significant because they worked as a tool for teaching choral singing during the American colonial era. Hammond also explores different thoughts about who wrote the tune as observed in the second paragraph of his essay. Moreover, the author explains why the tune WARRENTON could be easily classified as a revival spiritual hymnal. According to him, a variety of revival hymnbooks have the tune WARRENTON but with different tune names (26). Hammond’s essay is focused on the history of the tune Warrenton where he analyses a few collections of hymns books that have this particular tune. For instance, according to the collection Joshua Leavitt’s The Christian Lyre from 1831, the tune Warrenton can be identified as THE FEMALE PILGRIM, which is a dialogue between the narrator and a pilgrim (27). The author asserts that Louis F. Benson considers that Leavitt’s collection could have a more popular style if it is compared to Lowell Mason’s style (28). Hammond also elucidates the meaning and the origins of the tune Warrenton by affirming that this tune could also have originated from a secular tune because of the repeated notes at the beginning of the tune melody. In fact, those repeated notes are characteristics of folk hymns …show more content…
The author also makes a short analysis of two Boston publications associated with the evangelist Jacob Knapp that present the tune WARRENTON as a popular revival tune. Both of these publications refer to the female Pilgrim (31-32). Moreover, these two publications present the tune in three-part harmony with the melody in upper voice, which reveals the format for revival hymnals around that time. The author states that the tune WARRENTON found popular acceptance in the Northern version with the female pilgrim text, while the Southern version used the text “Come, thou fount of every blessing.” (33). One of the strengths of this essay is that Hammond’s purpose had as main foundation the study of a hymn tune that was influenced by revivalist concepts since it was part of several revival hymnal books such as The Southern Harmony and The Sacred Harp. The author achieves his goals by showing a list of hymn collections where the tune WARRENTON can be found, studied, and analyzed. His sources of study is reliable and solid since those hymnals and collections are fundamental resources that confirm the history and the identity of the church in America during the
The thesis of this book is that George Whitefield (1714-1770) changed the nature of Christianity by promoting and conducting mass revivals that exploited the weaknesses of institutional Christianity.
...like the Puritans. Her plentiful use of scripture not only reinforces the Puritan belief in the mind of the reader, but also in Rowlandson’s own mind. If she can connect each feeling she had that was not correct in traditional Puritan thinking to a verse in the bible, she can be at peace with what she felt. She could believe that she wasn’t wrong in her feelings of gratitude and perhaps even respect for the Indian culture.
Media. The main means of mass communication regarded collectively. It comes in the form of t.v., radio, newspapers, magazines etc. The media has a way of portraying a story in a way that they want it to be seen by audiences. In other words, the media only tells us only what they want us to hear; which, may or may not be the truth or include the entire story. The media is always looking for the next best story and the competition to be the first one on the scene can be intense. A documentary by 9.14 Productions tells the story of a man and his art collection; The Barnes Foundation.
The Second Great Awaking consisted of new applications of religion that deviated from rationalism, which sparked promotion of democracy and freedom. The message of salvation rather than condemnation was evident in this movement as spoken by Charles G. Finney. He sought to remove sin from reformed churches and organize sinners to unity and freedom (Doc B). This practice showed the crucial democrati...
Montgomery, William. Under Their Own Vine and Fig Tree: The African-American Church in the South. Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press, 1993. Print.
Whether people stood for or against the Reverend William A. Sunday, they all agreed that it was difficult to be indifferent toward him. The religious leader was so extraordinarily popular, opinionated, and vocal that indifference was the last thing that he would get from people. His most loyal admirers were confident that this rural-breed preacher was God’s mouthpiece, calling Americans to repentance. Sunday’s critics said that at best he was a well-meaning buffoon whose sermons vulgarized and trivialized the Christian message and at worst he was a disgrace to the name of Christ (Dorsett 2).
This mass enterprise is reviewed through five traditions in the early nineteenth century: the Christian movement, the Methodists, the Baptists, the black churches, and the Mormons. Hatch explains that these major American movements were led by young men who shared “an ethic of unrelenting toil, a passion for expansion, a hostility to orthodox belief and style, a zeal for religious reconstruction, and a systematic plan to realize their ideals” (4). These leaders changed the scope of American Christianity by orientating toward democratic or populist ideals. Their movements offered both individual potential and collective aspiration, which were ideas ready to be grasped by the young and booming population. These early leaders had a vision of a faith that disregarded social standing, and taught all to think, interpret, and organize their faith for themselves. It was a faith of “religious populism, reflecting the passions of ordinary people and the charisma of democratic movement-builders” (5).
The primary function of the Negro spirituals was to serve as communal song in a religious gathering, performed in a call and response pattern reminiscent of West African traditional religious practices. During these ceremonies, one person would begin to create a song by singing about his or her own sorrow or joy. That individual experience was brought to the community and through the call and response structure of the singing, that individual’s sorrow or joy became the sorrow or joy of the community. In this way, the spiritual became truly affirming, for it provided communal support for individual experiences. Slaves used the characters of the bible, particularly the Old Testament,...
“An Ante-bellum Sermon” by Paul Laurence Dunbar is an intriguing poem that I had the opportunity to analyze with my group, the Midday Missionaries. The mission of this sermon poem was to remind the slaves that they must stay strong to endure the hardships that they were going through because just like the Israelites, they would one day be freed. With antiquated diction that creates the tone of the piece, and two Black Arts patterns, the mission of this poem is easily identified. As part of the group, I was charged with locating these essentials parts of the poem and the “fresh truth,” in order to help the Midday Missionaries with the analysis of this piece.
Therefore, to endure the pains and sufferings the slaves had to use music. As illustrated above, the advent of music had far reaching results as it encouraged and gave them hope to continue working. The early music composers are the evidence of existence of early music which in turn has shaped today’s music like the blues and pop lyrics. In this case, the culture of the past has been rescued from getting lost.
How do hymns such as “Love Divine, All Loves Excelling” and the fear-provoking sermon “Sinners in the Hands of An Angry God” correlate? The two both belong to the period of religious revival in Early America known as the Great Awakening that occurred from the 1730s-1750s. The transition from the religious doctrine of the Puritans to the newfound teachings of the main evangelists Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield changed the religious beliefs of the colonies in many different ways, from encounters with Native Americans to the introduction of hymns. With the new ideals of Christianity, newly composed hymns and Great Awakening tenets commonly shared themes of emotion, conversion experiences, signs from God, union, and acts in the community or pilgrimage.
I will analyze John Donne’s Holy Sonnet XVIII. This sonnet is a variant of an Italian Sonnet with a volta occurring, unusually, at line 11 instead of the standard at line 9. The theme of this sonnet is the search for the true church of Christ among the various conflicting denominations of Christianity. Significant words, metaphysical conceit, metrics, sound patterns and tone come together to develop and clarify the theme. I will analyze the sonnet in three parts, beginning with the octave followed by the first two lines of the sestet and finally, the last four lines of the sestet.
Zuckerman, Michael “Pilgrims in the Wilderness: Community, Modernity, and the Maypole at Merry Mount”, The New England Quarterly, Vol. 50, No. 2 (Jun., 1977), pp. 255-277. The New England Quarterly, Inc.
Brown, Raymond. A Crucified Christ in Holy Week: Essays on the Four Gospel Passion Narratives. Collegeville, Minnesota: The Liturgical Press, 1986.
Palmer, R. (1979). A Ballad History of England from 1588 to present day. The Anchor Press Ltd, Tiptree.