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Factors responsible for the independence of India in 1947
Causes of the indian partition
Causes of the indian partition
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What were the reasons for the partition of India that led to more conflicts between India and newly formed Pakistan from the years of 1947 to 1971?
Sant Patel
A: Plan of Investigation
The investigation evaluates the reasons India was partitioned in to two countries. It also assessed the significance of the conflicts that aroused after the independence and the partition of India. In order to evaluate the reasons the country was partitioned, the investigation examined each of the research sources from the opposing viewpoints of India and also Pakistan. In this investigation, the sources for the reasons the country was partitioned include “State Formation” by Jayita Ray and “Muslims” by Irfan Omar. In order to evaluate the conflicts that aroused after the independence and the partition, the investigation evaluates the sources that have the most significance of the conflict between India and Pakistan. The sources include the sources stated above and also “Pakistan and India” by Stephen P. Cohen. Sources used in this investigation are web sources from Tennessee electronic Library (tntel.info).
Part B: Summary of Evidence
After its “raj” for three centuries (1757-1947), in 1947, the British power was “transferred” to the two dominions, India and Pakistan. The former land was as the successor state of British India and Pakistan a second successor state. The price of the independence was the partition of continental India on the idea of communal majority principle of the “two-nation” theory theorized by the Muslim League. The partition of British India was a turning point because it left many questions unanswered and many conflicts unresolved. One question left elusive was, “Why did indepen...
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...efore the partition. Other reason would be of religion differences. From the years of 1947 to 1971, there were many conflicts added such as the “proxy” war over the disputed state of Kashmir and the third Indo-Pak War that made East Pakistan a new independent country – Bangladesh.
Part F: Bibliography
Cohen, Stephen P. "Pakistan and India." Encyclopedia of India. Ed. Stanley Wolpert. Vol. 3. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2006. 262-270. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 20 Mar. 2014.
Omar, Irfan A. "Muslims." Encyclopedia of India. Ed. Stanley Wolpert. Vol. 3. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2006. 198-205. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 20 Mar. 2014.
Ray, Jayita. "State Formation." Encyclopedia of India. Ed. Stanley Wolpert. Vol. 4. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2006. 102-107. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 20 Mar. 2014.
The relationship between cricket and politics is clearly delineated in South Asia from 1880 to 2005 through the easing of the stress between totally different caste members, although the stress mitigated wasn't forever from a religious aspect between the Pakistanis, Indians, and also the British. The various issues that arose in South Asia was largely class or caste systems (Docs 2, 3, 4), rivalry (Docs 1, 6, 10), and religious tensions (Docs 5, 7, 8, 9) against the various countries and cricket groups. Throughout its interaction with Indian politics from 1880 to 2005, cricket has served as both a unifying force between totally different political groups and also has divided political groups in periods of power struggle and political variations, as well as making sturdy bonds between countries.
Thousands of years ago, Indian society developed into a complex system based on different classes. This system was known as the Caste System. It separated Indians into different castes based on what class were born into. As thousands of years went by, this system grew larger and became further complex (Wadley 189). This system caused frustration for the Indian citizens because they were receiving inequality. Not only did the inequality and separation of the Indian society frustrate the citizens of India, but the imperialism Britain had upon them as well. In the early 20th century, Indian nationalists wanted to take a stand against the British rule and make India independent. The British created unfair laws that created a nationalist movement
...ate, was cut divided into two in the western region by the newly established border. Major tensions have persisted among both Muslim and Sikh communities for years, which directly suffered most from the violence and land loss resulting from partition.
This investigation seeks to discover whether or not the Sepoy revolution in 1857 had a sufficient impact on India’s rise to independence and separation from the British Empire. The Sepoy revolution was a revolution of the Sepoy soldiers in 1857, and complete independence from the British Empire was not achieved by Indians until 1947. Therefore, did the Sepoy revolution catalyze their rise to independence, or was independence inevitable? The impact of the Sepoy Revolution will be found by looking at the effects of the Sepoy revolution and determining whether or not they were key factors in the rise to independence. A variety of sources will be used. Two important sources that will be used during this investigation are Indian Summer by Alex Von Tunzelmann and Empire: How Britain Made The Modern World by Niall Ferguson.
Both countries wanted to have a certain peace of land that had an important role on the trading and pass for both countries, and also the fact that they had different ideas, religions, and political ideas, took these two countries to a war that was cruel and that lasted 8 years.
Inda was fighting a war within themselves over religious differences. The country was divided by the Muslims and the Hindus. Both religions thought that they were the supier ones and the other was ludicrous. The two religions used cricket, a sport that was once their safe haven, as new grounds to deteriorize eachother for their religious choices. (Doc 7) Peace makers like Ghandi tried fighting for peace between the two religions but the hatred of one other overbeared the love both religons shared for their country. Ghandi was later murdered because of the never ending hostility of the two religions, but not before he was able to express his opinion on cricket tournament teams being seperated based on religion. He spoke about how religiously based teams were taboo and unsportsmanlike, and that the desciosn to draft the teams like that never made sense to him. (Doc 8) The religous conflict wasn’t even resolved when India and Pakistan split into different countries in 1947 because of their pronounced religious tensions. If you were a Muslim still residing in India after the split, you were expected to cheer for the Hindus, and celebrate when they won. It was considered shameful to be upset about the Muslims losing. (Doc 9) If you wanted to cheer for the Muslims, it was only accepted to do so in Pakistan. The battle between the two religons is still as strident today and it was over a hundred years ago. At this point,
problems. This was also due to the politics. For instance, from 1922 to the end of the Second
The Transformation of the “Indian Problem”. In this paper, I plan to examine the marked transformation and the history of the so-called “Indian Problem.” The idea of an “Indian Problem” began with the arrival of white settlers in North America, and for them, it was a problem of safety, security, and land acquisition. Around 1890, the “Indian Problem” became an issue of how to help the Indians go extinct humanely, or to assimilate into white culture.
Talbot, I. 2009, Partition of India: The Human Dimension: Introduction, Cultural and Social History, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 403-410
The most threatening conflict between Hindus and Muslims is the province of Kashmir. This is where the decision to divide India into India and Pakistan seems to have been a terrible mistake. Kashmir, which is the only Muslim majority city in India, lies between the divided India and Pakistan. After India’s independence in the 1940’s, Kashmir had to choose to either unite with India or Pakistan. The Prince of Kashmir chose India but Pakistan invaded the province soon after and have occupied part of Kashmir since then. Controversy still surrounds the province today because naturally, Muslims want to control it. While many Muslims relocated to Pakistan and the Hindus to India, half of the Muslim population was left in India and their relations did not improve after being partially separated.
Whilst the growth of Indian nationalism put considerable pressure on the Raj, historians offer many interpretations as to the fundamental cause of Independence. Gandhi’s non-cooperation movement and subsequent campaigns meant that nationalism began to appeal to the masses and helped establish a broad based movement for Independence. However, the British were always able to supress the nationalist movements, through reform or by using force, up to the Quit India movement of 1942. British involvement in the Great War and particularly the Second World War placed them in a weaker position economically, whilst the social and political expectations of the Indian people were changing, which strengthened nationalism and discontent.
"1971- Independence War of Bangladesh." Bangla2000 - The Largest Portal of Bangladesh. Bangla2000. Web. 03 Feb. 2012. .
The two groups were fighting for control over the province of Kasmir, which is a valley in the northern part of India and is part of the state of Jammu and Kashmir. They both want this piece of land because, since Muslims and Hindus were split apart, they feel the need to be more powerful than each other and take control of this beautiful piece of land. In 1947 this state was considered an independent country and the Marahaja, who was the ruler of India, made it so that India and Pakistan remained neutral. While India stuck to this agreement Pakistan attacked Jammu and Kashmir because they wanted control of it, which forced the Marahaja to escape to India. The Marahaja asked the people of India to help get rid of the Pakistanis who were attacking them and, if they did, he would make Jammu and Kashmir a part of India. The people of India got rid of most of the Pakistani attackers, but a large area that was hard to reach was still controlled by them. Since India wanted to stop the fighting, they ended up leaving the Pakistanis to have a large area, but India had an even larger area. The fighting ended in 1949 and, since other powerful states didn’t ask Pakistan to withdraw it’s troops from a state that had became a part of India, India called the United Nations and told them that Pakistan had attacked a neutral state that had became a part of India, so they should withdraw their soldiers. The United Nations agreed with this and also wanted India to ask the people of Jammu and Kashmir if they wanted to be part of India or Pakistan. The Prime Minister of India asked the people if they wanted to be part of India or Pakistan through a process called referendum or plebiscite, which is basically a vote. A plebiscite couldn’t be made because Pakistan didn’t want to give up Jammu and Kasmir, and since many powerful countries didn’t force them to withdraw their troops
Khan, Yasmin. The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan. New Haven: Yale UP, 2007. Print.
Under the partition plan Kashmir was free to remain independent or become a part of either India or Pakistan. The maharaja took the decision of joining forces with the Indians which Pakistani argu...