The purpose of this experiment was to gain a general understanding of osmosis, osmolarity, and tonicity and to further investigate the effects that specific solutes, such as NaCl, had on the structure and physiology of red blood cells. The first portion of the experiment consisted of the dilution of stock blood solution suspended in isotonic, or 0.9%, saline solution. As the blood stock solution was diluted, the number of blood cells greatly decreased when viewed under the microscope (Figures 1 and 2). This decrease in cell number and disfigurement of cell morphology can be attributed to the increase of the dilution factors. In other words, as the dilution factor increased, the number of cells on the each test tube drastically decreased, resulting …show more content…
The blood cells suspended in an isotonic saline solution did not change in shape because the solute concentration within the blood cell was equal to that of the saline solution. A 3.0% NaCl solution yielded a hypertonic environment, indicating that there was a higher concentration of solutes outside the blood cell than inside of the cell thus causing cells to shrink as the water exited the cell (Table ). Quite oppositely, the cells that were suspended into a 0.2% saline solution swelled up and ultimately lysed (Table 1). This mixture was classified as hypotonic given that its solute concentration was lower than that of the cell, causing water to move into the cell. This solution was transparent after roughly 20 seconds, further validating that hemolysis had taken place. The isotonic and hypertonic solutions resulted in a turbid appearance, indicating no hemolysis (Meiselman et al. …show more content…
As time progressed, cell mobility became increasingly stagnant. After 30 minutes, it was observed that some cells had shrunk while others had lysed (Table 3). Hemolysis of the cells was not surprising since red blood cells are particularly sensitive to NH4Cl. This is due to the fact that NH4Cl, while a large molecule, can dissociate into an NH3+ and Cl- (Phillips et al. 1983). NH3 is then able to cross into the membrane of RBCs, thus causing a transmembrane exchange between Cl- and HCO3-, thus leading to the lysis of the cell (Hemker et al.
Data table 1 Well plate Contents Glucose concentration A 3 drops 5% sucrose + 3 drops distilled water Negative B 3 drops milk+3 drops distilled water Negative C 3 drops 5% sucrose +3 drops lactase Negative D 3 drops milk +3 drops lactase 15+ E 3 drops 20% glucose +3 drops distilled water 110 ++ Questions B. In this exercise, five reactions were performed. Of those reactions, two were negative controls and one was a positive control.
Haemolytic colonies were classified by a white ring around the patched colony, indicating that haemolysis of the blood agar occurred. Conversely, non-haemolytic colonies were classified by a lack of a white ring, which indicated that no haemolysis took place.
One of the most primitive actions known is the consumption of lactose, (milk), from the mother after birth. Mammals have an innate predisposition towards this consumption, as it is their main source of energy. Most mammals lose the ability to digest lactose shortly after their birth. The ability to digest lactose is determined by the presence of an enzyme called lactase, which is found in the lining of the small intestine. An enzyme is a small molecule or group of molecules that act as a catalyst (catalyst being defined as a molecule that binds to the original reactant and lowers the amount of energy needed to break apart the original molecule to obtain energy) in breaking apart the lactose molecule. In mammals, the lactase enzyme is present
Similar to TarLab osmolarity test, the InflammaDry test is quick to perform which measures and monitors a tear film component indicative of dry eyes. Elevated levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), which is a marker for inflammation found in the tears of a dry eye can be detected by inflammaDry. In the normal tear film, the level of MMP-9 is normally between 3 and 40 ng/mL. Greater level than 40 ng/mL indicates ocular surface inflammation. However as this is a nonspecific marker of inflammation, patient history and other clinical signs have to be confirmed before diagnosing dry eyes. This tool is not expensive and it’s highly portable which can be easily administered by a technician. In a recent FDA clinical trial, InflammaDry demonstrated 85% sensitivity and 94% specificity. [5].
Alkaline Phosphatase (APase) is an important enzyme in pre-diagnostic treatments making it an intensely studied enzyme. In order to fully understand the biochemical properties of enzymes, a kinetic explanation is essential. The kinetic assessment allows for a mechanism on how the enzyme functions. The experiment performed outlines the kinetic assessment for the purification of APase, which was purified in latter experiments through the lysis of E.coli’s bacterial cell wall. This kinetic experiment exploits the catalytic process of APase; APase catalyzes a hydrolysis reaction to produce an inorganic phosphate and alcohol via an intermediate complex.1 Using the Michaelis-Menton model for kinetic characteristics, the kinetic values of APase were found by evaluating the enzymatic rate using a paranitrophenyl phosphate (PNPP) substrate. This model uses an equation to describe enzymatic rates, by relating the
Dialysis tubing is made from regenerated cellulose or cellophane, and is used in clinical circumstances to ensure that molecule have a filtered flow, and that larger solute molecules do not enter the dialysis tubing (Alberts, 2002). Like a cell membrane, dialysis tubing has a semi-permeable membrane, which allows small molecule to permeate through the membrane. Thus, the dialysis tubing mimics the diffusion and osmosis processes of the cell membrane (Alberts, 2002). Although the dialysis tubing has a semi-permeable membrane, which mimics a cell, its structure is different. The me...
Red blood cells with normal hemoglobin (HbA) move easily through the bloodstream, delivering oxygen to all of the cells of the body. Normal red blood cells are shaped like doughnuts with the centers partially scooped out and are soft and flexible.
Another trend in this table which demonstrates this phenomenon is the decreasing FPV of the CHO cells after cooling and freezing/thawing which shows the increasing membrane fluidity. However, compared to the control cells (at 0 mg) the CLC treated cells still showed considerably less membrane fluidity after being cooled.
walls of the veins are permeable to H2O at this point, starving the rest of the
In this experiment, we determined the isotonic and hemolytic molar concentrations of non-penetrating moles for sheep red blood cells and measured the absorbance levels from each concentration. The results concluded that as the concentration increased the absorbance reading increased as well. A higher absorbance signifies higher amounts of intact RBCs. The isotonic molar concentration for NaCl and glucose is 0.3 M. The hemolysis molar concentration for NaCl and glucose is 0.05 M. Adding red blood cells to an isotonic solution, there will be no isotonic pressure and no net movement. The isotonic solution leaves the red blood cells intact. RBC contain hemoglobin which absorbs light, hemoglobin falls to the bottom of the tube and no light is absorbed. Determining the isotonic concentration of NaCl and glucose by finding the lowest molar concentration. In contrast to isotonic molar concentration, hemolysis can be determined by finding the
Osmosis in Potato Tubes Osmosis: Osmosis is the movement of water molecules through a semi-permeable membrane from a high concentration to a low concentration. Diagram: [IMAGE] [IMAGE] Aim: To see the effects of different concentration of sugar solution on Osmosis in potato tubes. Key factor: In the investigation we change the sugar solution from: 0%-10%-20%-30%-40%-50% this is the independent variable; the dependant variable is the change in mass. Prediction: I predict that all the potato tubes in pure water or low concentration sugar solution will swell because water enters their cells by osmosis.
Starling law of capillaries- According to the act (starling) only 85% of the watery liquid type of a substance that exists blood by filtration and separation to pass in the tissue spaces is reabsorbed. Further 15% cleans the cells interstitial liquid (fluid) and is then and there relocated into the lymphatic system for final return to its original place which is the blood.
and the tissue itself. A tissue is a group of similar cells that perform the same task or function. Therefore the whole tissue will react. because it is just a huge cluster of cells. These changes occur because of the osmosis.
pressure of the cell is so high that no more water can enter the cell.
Bufffers play an important role in many biological processes as the majority of them are affected by pH. The pH fluids residing inside and out of cells (intracellular and extracellular) is maintained through buffer systems One example of buffer that plays an important role as a buffer in maintaining the pH of blood is bicarbonate. The