Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most common breathing disorder related to sleep, and it affects 2% to 4% of the adult population (Hoffman & Sullivan, 2017). Though, up to 90% of men and 98% of women with OSA go undiagnosed (Helvig, Minick, & Patrick, 2014). Children are also at risk for OSA, and the occurrence has risen in the last 10 years and is linked to the upswing in childhood obesity. OSA can cause cardiovascular, neurocognitive, metabolic issues in the body, and an overall decreased quality of life (Helvig et al., 2014; Hilbert & Yaggi, 2018). There are risks involved with OSA such as vehicle accidents, poor work performance, and attention lapses. Many things are linked to this disorder; obesity, diabetes, alcohol use, smoking, …show more content…
Unfortunately, this has caused long waiting periods for patients needing services. PSG testing is pricey, arduous, and time-consuming, because of this there has been a proliferation in the development of simplified, ambulatory methods for the diagnosis of OSA. These include not only the use of the STOP-Bang questionnaires, but at home sleep monitoring, and exploring the role of other health-care professionals, such as sleep-trained nurses and general practitioners (GP) in the care of patients with OSA. These mobile monitoring systems have a potential to lower cost (25% less) and help patients in rural areas and developing countries have access to OSA services (Chai-Coetzer et al., 2013). Some randomized, controlled studies gauging the effectiveness of the ambulatory management versus the traditional laboratory-based management have consistently demonstrated that patient outcomes were met in both settings. In fact, in the home-based group, that was led by sleep-trained nurses, the adherence to the continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) device used to treat OSA, was higher than in the laboratory-based group (Chai-Coetzer et al., …show more content…
The CPAP device mentioned before is the treatment of choice for OSA, along with many other interventions. CPAP is a device that provides constant pressure through a nasal-oral or oronasal mask (Hoffman & Sullivan, 2017). The pressure provided helps to keep the airway open and delivers an unobstructed airway. Patient teaching is important to ensure proper care and adherence to the treatment. Patients often get frustrated by the fit of the mask; it may leave red marks or irritation on the face. They can also have severe drying of the mucous membranes that can cause them to stop using the CPAP device (Hilbert & Yaggi, 2018). The nurse should teach the patient about contacting the provider for the refitting of the mask, and the option of humidifying the air. There have been studies done to determine if humidifying the air could harbor microbes that could cause respiratory infections. These studies have proven that there is no increase in bacteria in the groups that used the humidified air (Mercieca, 2016). Patient teaching on the maintenance of their CPAP device is important in keeping the device working properly. This teaching can be done one-on-one in the clinic setting or in a classroom setting with many patients at
Each year at least 40 million Americans suffer from long term, persistent sleep disorders, and an additional 20 million experience occasional sleeping problems. About 60 million Americans a year have insomnia and it tends to increase with age and affects about 40 percent of women and 30 percent of men. It is estimated that 18 million Americas are suffering from sleep apnea, 12 million have RLS, and 250,000 are affected by narcolepsy. Adults typically need between 6 and 10 hours of sleep per 24 hour period, and most people need approximately 8 hours of sleep per day. Infants generally need about 16 hours per day; whereas, teenagers require 9 hours on average. In the first 3 months of...
The public health problem that I am addressing is the lack of sleep. The target population will be adolescents and college students in America. Sleep is important to health because the timing, quality, and duration are essential. Sleep plays a big role in good health and well-being throughout your life. How you feel when you are awake comes from how well you slept at night. Sleep has a direct correlation with metabolic regulation, emotional regulation, performance, memory consolidation, learning, and brain recuperation process. Because of these factors it should be viewed as just as important
Respiratory assessment is a significant aspect of nursing practice. According to the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, respiratory rate is the best indicator of an ill patient and it is the first observation that will demonstrate a problem or deterioration in condition (Philip, Richardson, & Cohen, 2013). When a respiratory assessment performed effectively on a patient, it can result in upholding patient’s comfort and independence in progress of symptom management. Studies have acknowledged that in spite of the importance of the respiratory rate (RR) it is documented rarely than the other vital signs in the hospital settings (Parkes, 2011). This essay will highlight the importance of respiratory assessment and discuss why nurses
HENDERSON, Y (1998) A practical approach to breathing control in primary care. Nursing Standard (JULY) 22 (44) p41
We live our entire life in two states, sleep and awake1. These two states are characterized by two distinct behaviors. For instance, the brain demonstrates a well-defined activity during non-REM sleep (nREM) that is different when we are awake. In the study of sleep by Huber et. al., the authors stated that sleep is in fact a global state2. It is unclear whether this statement means that sleep is a state of global behavioural inactivity or the state of the global nervous system. The notion that sleep is a global state of the nervous system served as basis for sleep researchers to search for a sleep switch. The discovery of the sleep switch, in return, provided evidence and enhanced the notion that sleep is a global state of the nervous system. The switch hypothesis developed from the fact that sleep can be initiated without fatigue and it is reversible1. It was hypothesized that there is something in the brain that has the ability to control the whole brain and initiate sleep. Studies have found a good candidate that demonstrated this ability3. They found a group of neurons in the Ventrolateral Preoptic (VLPO) nucleus. It was a good candidate because it was active during sleep, has neuronal output that can influence the wakefulness pathway, and lesion in the area followed reduce sleep3. The idea that there is something that can control the whole brain and result sleep state supports the idea that sleep is a global state of the nervous system.
Sleep disorders are a very serious problem for a lot of people. It affects a lot of people 's lives, requiring them to have to live a very different life than the average person. The five most commonly known sleep disorders are insomnia, sleep apnea, sleepwalking, and narcolepsy. Sleep insomnia is when you have trouble falling asleep or staying asleep even when you have a chance to do so. Sleep apnea is when you have trouble breathing when you’re asleep. Sleepwalking is when you’re in a deep sleep and you start to walk around or perform some kind of complex behavior. People that are affected by these disorders have a very hard time either getting to sleep or staying asleep. I will be explaining what all of these disorders are and how they affect
Nocturnal polysomnography involves using equipment that monitors the heart, lung and brain activity, breathing patterns, movement of arm and leg, and blood oxygen levels while you sleep. A doctor may also provide a simplified test that can be used at home. These tests involve measuring heart rate, blood oxygen, and breathing patterns. The test results will show drops in oxygen levels during apneas. Individuals with obstructive sleep apnea may be referred you to an ear, nose and throat specialist to determine if there is a blockage in the nose or throat. For milder cases, a doctor may recommend lifestyle changes, such as losing weight or quitting
It is now well established that OSA is a cardiovascular risk factor, and that ADMA has the potential to exacerbate cardiovascular disease. But does OSA influence ADMA levels? Many studies show increases in ADMA levels in OSA patients; Barcelo et al measured plasma ADMA in 23 OSA patients and found it significantly higher (1.17 μmol/L) compared to control (0.87 μmol/L, P<0.01) (55). Ozkan et al also found that ADMA levels were higher in OSA patients but levels did not reach statistical significance (56). When treated with CPAP for 4 weeks, patients with OSA had lower ADMA levels and improved forearm mediated dilation (FMD) (57). It is unclear how OSA increases ADMA levels but apparently CPAP treatment can decrease its levels.
Medical technology today has achieved remarkable feats in prolonging the lives of human beings. Respirators can support a patient's failin...
Moreover, this application can be used outside the TRU Sleep clinic, maybe in remote areas to perform cost-effective data collection that can be later analyzed by healthcare professionals.
Hess Dean R., M. N. (2012). Respiratory Care: Principles and Practice 12th Edition. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning.
Hinkle, Janice, and Kerry Cheever. “Management of Patients with Chronic Pulmonary Disease." Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 13th Ed. Philadelphia: Lisa McAllister, 2013. 619-630. Print.
Sleep disorders are an underestimated public health concern considering that fifty to seventy million Americans are affected. Technological advances in the field of sleep have facilitated various theories to explain the need for and the purpose of sleep. Scientist have uncovered many types of sleep disorders such as insomnia, sleep apnea, and narcolepsy. Sleep disorders affect men ,women, children, the elderly, and the obese in different ways. Factors such as the number of children and the effects of menopause have been studied to determine their effects on sleep. Various treatments have been utilized ranging from non-pharmacologic to pharmacologic methods. Scientist have pinpointed areas of the brain that are involved in sleep deprivation and hormones that ultimately affect sleep.
Sleep Apnea (cessation of air flow at the mouth for greater than 10 seconds) can
Wells, M., & Vaughn, B. V. (2012). Poor Sleep Challenging the Health of a Nation. Neurodiagnostic Journal,52(3), 233-249.